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ECBModule2
SG Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pathogen | An organism that causes disease |
| Saprophyte | An organism that feeds on dead matter |
| Parasite | An organism that feeds on a living host |
| Repiration | The process by which food is converted into usable energy for life functions |
| Aerobic respiration | Respiration that requires oxygen |
| Anaerobic respiration | Respiration that does not require oxygen |
| Steady state | A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born |
| Conjugation | A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer |
| Plasmid | A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium |
| Transformation | The transfer of a "naked" DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell |
| Endospore | The DNA of a bacterium that is coated with several hard layers |
| Strains | Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits |
| 2,3. Important structures of bacterium: a. Pilus | To grasp surfaces. it can also be used to grasp onto another bacterium during conjugation |
| 3b. Capsule | To adhere to surfaces as well as to ward off infection-fighting agents |
| 3c. Cell Wall | To keep the interior of the cell together and to hold the cell's shape |
| 3d. Plasma Membrane | To negotiate what materials pass into and out of the cell as well as to metabolize nutrients |
| 3e. Cytoplasm | to hold the DNA and ribosomes in place |
| 3f. Ribosomes | To make proteins |
| 3g. DNA | To store the information needed to make this organism a living organism |
| 3h. Flagellum | To move the bacterium from place to place |
| 4. What is the most popular form of metabolism among bacteria? | Most bacteria are heterotrophic decomposers. |
| 5. If a bacterium is parasitic, is it heterotrophic or autotrophic? | Parasites, by definition feed on something produced by a host. They therefore cannot make their own food. This makes them heterotrophic. |
| 6a. List the first of the four modes of reproduction in bacteria and briefly describe each. | a. Asexual reproduction- By far the most common. A single bacterium copies its DNA and then divides in two. Both bacteria can reproduce over and over again. |
| 6b. List the second of the four modes of reproduction in bacteria and briefly describe each. | Sexual reproduction- Also called conjugation. In this form of reproduction, a donor and recipient form a temporary bridge across which a DNA plasmidfrom the donor travels into the recipient. This passes a trait or traits from the donor to the recipient. |
| 6c. List the third of the four modes of reproduction in bacteria and briefly describe each. | Transformation- In this process, a bacterium absorbs the DNA of a dead bacterium, taking on the trait specified by the DNA absorbed. |
| List the fourth of the four modes of reproduction in bacteria and briefly describe each. | Endospore Formation- In this process, the DNA is protected by a hard shell to survive extreme conditions. If conditions return to normal, the cell bursts out of the endospore and returns to normal functions. |
| 7. Does the population of bacteria typically increase or decrease before it reaches steady state? What about after? | Before the steady state, the bacteria are reproducing essentially unchecked. Thus, the population increases. After the steady state, bacteria begin to die due to lack of resources. Thus, the population decreases. |
| 8. Even though sexual reproduction among bacteria does not result in offspring, it can significantly affect the population of a bacteria growth. Why? | Sexual reproduction can pass a trait from one bacterium to another. If that trait allows the recipient to survive conditions that it otherwise wouldn't, then the population is affected, because the recipient continues to live and reproduce asexually. |
| 9. What are the technical names of the three common bacterial shapes? | a. Coccus- Spherical b. Bacillus- Rod shaped c. Spirillum- Helical |
| 10. A bacterium is heterotrophic and Gram-negative. To what phylum and class does it belong? | If it is Gram-negative, it is in phylum Gracilicutes. In this phylum, two classes contain photosynthetic bacteria, which are autotrophs. Since this bacterium is heteroptophic, it must belong to the only other class, class Scotobacteria. |
| 11. A spirillum bacterium is Gram positive. To what phylum and class does it belong? | Gram-positive means phylum firmicutes. Since it is spirillum-shaped, it is neither coccus nor bacillus. Thus, it is in class Thallobacteria. |
| 12. A bacterium has no cell wall. To what phylum and class does it belong? | Bacteria with no cell walls belong to the phylum Tenericutes, which has only one class, class Mollicutes. |
| 13. What conditions are necessary for most bacteria to grow and reproduce? | To grow and reproduce, most bacteria need: Moisture, moderate temperatures, nutrition, and darkness. |
| 14a. What is the first of the five methods that exist to reduce the chance of bacterial contamination of food? | a. Heat the food so that most bacteria die and then seal it away from fresh air. |
| 14b. What is the second of the five methods that exist to reduce the chance of bacterial contamination of food? | b. Dehydrate the food. |
| 14c. What is the third of the five methods that exist to reduce the chance of bacterial contamination of food? | c. Freeze the food. |
| 14d. What is the fourth of the five methods that exist to reduce the chance of bacterial contamination of food? | d. Pasteurize it. |
| 14e. What is the fifth of the five methods that exist to reduce the chance of bacterial contamination of food? | e. Keep it in the refrigerator. |
Created by:
biowolf2013
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