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Bio 232 Exam 1 Ch12
Chapters 12 & 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the major functions of the nervous system. | Detects enviromnetal and internal changes and respond accordingly with the endocrine system. Responsible for all our behaviors, memories and movement. |
| What is the process in detecting and responding to a change? | Sensory neurons detect internal and external stimuli. interneurons interpreate or analize the stimulus. A motor response is sent out to effector organs. |
| Two main divisions of the nervous system | The central nervous system The peripheral nervous system |
| Neurons | functional unti of the nervous system recieve, process and transmit information |
| Neuroglia | the glue of the nervous system support neuronal networks and nurture the brain grately outnumber neurons |
| What does the CNS consist of ? | the brain and spinal cord |
| PNS consists of? | all nervous tissue outside the CNS includes nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory receptors |
| The PNS is further divided into..? | Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Enteric Nervous System |
| The Somatic Nervous system consist of? | Afferent or somatic sensory neurons (head, body wall, & limbs) Interneurons - conduct impulse bwt aff & eff. Efferent or somatic motor neurons - conduct impulses away from CNS toward sk muscles. |
| The Autonomic Nervous System consists of ? | Sensory neurons conveying information from autonomic sensory receptors located in visceral organs Motor neurons sending impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac mucscle & glands. |
| The ANS further branches into | sympathetic division (fight or flight) parasympathetic division (rest & digest) |
| Encteric Nervous system function | involuntary control of GI tract, - its acid and hormonal secretions |
| Define Ganglia | small masses or clusters of neuronal cell bodies - outside of brain & sp cord - associated with cranial and spinal nerves |
| Neurons | functional unit of the nervous systerm |
| Mjor parts of neurons | cell body, axon, dendrites, axon terminals |
| Dendrites | receiving end of neurons conducting impulses toward cell body |
| Cell body | contain nucleus & cytoplasm with organells RER - nissl bodies lysosomes, mitochondria golgi complexes |
| Axon | conduct impulse away from body to another neuron or effector cell. |
| axon hillock | where axon joins the cell body |
| Trigger zone | junction between axon hillock and the initial segment |
| axon terminals | end processes contain synaptic end bulbs |
| Synapse | the site of communation b/w two neurons (pre and postsynaptic neurons) synaptic cleft - the space b/w |
| synaptic vesicles | sacs in end bulb containing neurotransmitters |
| Two transport systems carrying signal from cell body to axon terminals | slow axonal transport fasst axonal transport |
| slow axonal transport | one direction - from cell body toward axon terminals |
| Fast axonal transport | moves materials in both direction |
| Unipolar | alien, sensory or afferent neurons conveying APs into the cns through crnial/spinal nerves |
| Multipolar | motor or efferent neurons convaying APS away from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)in the periphery through cranial or spinal nerves. includes interneurons. |
| Bipolar | found in special sensory organs |
| Neuroglia support neurons by | forming blood brain barrier forming myelin sheath around axons making CSF that circulate around brain & sp cord participate in phagocytosis |
| 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS | Astrocytes Oligodendrocyes miroglia ependymal cells |
| Astrocytes | support neuron in the CNS/structural supprt maintain blood brain barrie regulate ion niturient concentrations absorb and recycle neurotransmitters, form scar tissue after injury |
| Oligodendrocytes | produce myelin in CNS provide structural framwork |
| Microglia | participate in phagocytosis remove debris, waste and pathogens |
| Ependymal cells | form nd circulate CSF line the ventricles of brain & central canal of sp cord |
| 2 Types of neuroglia in the PNS | satellite cells schwann cells |
| Satellite cells | support cells of CNS surround cell bodies in ganglia regulate o2 and co2 |
| schwann cells | surround axons in PNS myelinate peripheral axons participate in injury repair |
| Neurolemma | the outer uncleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell - forms regeneration tube to direc growth of injured axon |
| Regeneration of neurons | neurons must be in the PNS, with an intact cell body and are repaired by schwan cells with a neurolemma |
| Gray Matter | (lacks myelin) cluster of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites in brain and sp cord. |
| White matter | cluster of myelinated axons |
| 2 types of electrical signals used by neurons | graded potentials action potentials |
| Graded Potentials | used for short-distance communication only local membrane changes |
| Action Potentials | allow communication over long distances with the body |
| RMP | created using ion gradient and ion channels while at rest -70mV - inside more negative |
| Electrochemical gradient | when ion channels open, ions move down concentration gradient from high to low (negative to a postive & pos to a neg) |
| 3 types of active/gated channels | Ligand gated voltage gated mechanically gated |
| Ligand gated | channels that only open in response to a neurotransmitter binding at a receptor site, found at synaps, dendrites cell bodies |
| Voltage gated | open in response to changes in the membrans electrical potentional, found along the axon |
| mechanically gated | open in response to mechanical deformation - pressure vibrations stretching shape of membrane, on dendrites of sensory neurons & receptors |
| Leakage channels | not active, more k leakages leave out than Na leaks in |
| the RMP is slightly negative because | -leakage channels favoring the K+ out o - trapped large negatively charged proteins -sodium potassium pump, 3Na our for every 2 K in |
| Polarized cell or cell in RMP | cell is ready to produce AP, graded potential must be produced to depolarize cell to threshold |
| Graded potential | voltage variable aptitudes that can be added together or cancel each other out. occur mainly in the dendrites and cell body of a neuron. |
| Depolarizing Graded Potential (depolarize) | when a stimulus causes the cell to become less negative ( an increase of Na+ ions inside) |
| hyperpolarizing Graded Potential (hyperpolarizing) | stimulus causing the cell to be more negatively charged(decrease of K+ ions inside) |
| Threshold (liminal & subliminal) | |
| Two main phases of AP | depolarizing phase repolarizing phase |
Created by:
Yourdanos
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