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SLSBio12 Biomolecule
SLS Bio12 Biomolecules AV
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | Molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and to lower its pH numerically. |
| ATP | Nucleotide with three phosphate groups. the breakdown of ATP into ADP + P makes energy available for energy-requiring cells. |
| Amino Acid | Monomer of a protein; takes its name from the fact that it contains an amino group and an acid group. |
| Base | Molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raise the pH numerically. |
| Buffer | Substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity. |
| Carbohydrate | Class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of CH20 groups; includes monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. |
| Complementary Base Pairing | Hydrogen bonding between particular bases, in DNA, Thymine pairs with Adenine, Guanine with Cytosine; in RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | Nucleic acid found in cells; the genetic material that specifies protein synthesis in cells. |
| Dipeptide | A molecule with one amino acid joined by two peptide bonds. |
| Disaccharide | Sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharide. |
| Double Helix | Double spiral; describes the three-dimensional shape of DNA. |
| Hemoglobin | Iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that combines with and transports oxygen. |
| Hydrogen Bonding | Weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule or between parts of the same molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | Splitting of a compound by the addition of water, with the hydrogen ion being incorporated in one fragment and the hydroxide ion in the other. |
| Lipid | Organic compound that is insoluble in water; notably fats, oils, and steroids. |
| Monomer | Small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer; e,g,. glucose is a monomer of starch. |
| Monosaccharide | Simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. |
| Neutral Fat | Fat produced by the dehydration synthesis of one or more fatty acid and an alcohol like glycerol. |
| Nucleic Acids | Polymeric molecules which are required for all forms of life, which are made from nucleotide monomers. |
| Nucleotide | monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a 50carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group. |
| Organic | Something relating to an organism, or a living entity. |
| Peptide Bond | Covalent bond that joins two amino acids. |
| pH | Percent Hydrogen. Measures the concentration of H+ ions present in a solution. |
| Phospholipid | Molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell's membranes; has a polar hydrophilic head bonded to two hydrophobic tails. |
| Polarity | Separation of electric charges leading to a molecule having a polar dipole (unequal sharing of electrons). |
| Polymer | Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers; for example, a polypeptide is a polymer of monomers called amino acids. |
| Polypeptide | Polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds/ |
| Polysaccharide | Polymer made from sugar monomers' the polysaccharides starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose monomers. |
| Primary Structure | The linear sequence of a protein's amino acid structural units. |
| Protein | Organic macromolecule that is composed of either one or several polypeptides. |
| Quaternary Structure | The arrangement of multiple folded protein or coiling protein molecules in a multi-subunit complex. |
| R-group | A chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called "main chain" or backbone. The placeholder R is often used as a generic placeholder for alkyl (saturated hydrocarbon) group side chains in chemical structure diagrams. |
| Ribonucleic Acid | Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in three forms: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | Molecule that lacks double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain. the chain bears the maximum number of hydrogens. |
| Secondary Structure | The general three-dimensional form of local segments of biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA). |
| Solvent | Fluid, such as water, that dissolves solutes. |
| Starch | Storage polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains. |
| Steroid | Typer of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings; examples are cholesterol, progesterone and testosterone. |
| Tertiary Structure | The final specific geometric shape that a protein assumes. This final shape is determined by a variety of bonding interactions between the "side chains" on the amino acids. |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | Fatty acid molecule that has one or more double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain. |
| Nitrogenous Base | A nitrogen-containing organic molecule having the chemical properties of a base. A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom. |
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avandenberg2
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