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bio 1010 test
Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell membranes are composed of a bilayer of _____ molecules | phospholipids and proteins |
| The phosphate heads of lipids are______________ | hydrophilic-“water loving” |
| The______ are hydrophobic-“water fearing”. | lipid tails |
| Which part of the molecule is polar, the phosphate head or the lipid tails? | The fatty acid "tails" are non-polar while the phosphate "head" is very polar. |
| How is the structure of a phospholipid molecule different from a triglyceride molecule? | 1. A phospholipid contains a phosphate group and the triglyceride does not. 2. phospholipids are soluble and triglycerides are not. 3. phospholipids are components of the plasma membrane and triglycerides are used as energy storage molecules. |
| Small (polar or nonpolar?) substances easily pass through the plasma membrane down a concentration gradient. | nonpolar |
| Moving particles across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient ______ (requires or does not require?) expenditure of cell energy | Active Transport is the transport of substances across a membrane against a concentration gradient. Such processes use energy. |
| How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion? | facilitated diffusion=Glucose, sodium ions and chloride ions can't get through the lipid bilayer on their own, so they have to be helped by proteins Simple diffusion does not require energy: facilitated diffusion requires a source of ATP. |
| list all of the different types of active transport in your power point presentation. | Movement of the cell. Movement of cilia or flagella. Energizing other molecules by transferring its high energy phosphate bond group. |
| Organelles called _______ are responsible for producing ATP in both animal cells and plant cells. | Mitochondria: Mitochondria produce ATP which is the energy used in the cell to help complete the cells functions. Both plant and animal cells have vacuoles, although the vacuole in the plant cells are larger and they have different duties in the cells. |
| List three plant cell structures that are not found in animal cells. | 1. cell wall-made of cellulose-surrounds the cell membrane. 2. chloroplasts-small,ovular organelles,contain several small sacs with chlorophyll 3. central Vacuole. sac-like organelles used for storage. Animal cells have vacuoles, but a different type. |
| DNA is located inside the ________ of the cell. | Genomic DNA is located in the cell nucleus of eukaryotes, as well as small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid |
| The organelle that produces lipids is the _______. | The smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) appears rough due to the presence of__________ - proteins involved in the synthesis of RNA. (HINT: They are the sites of protein synthesis.) | Ribosomes |
| The ______________ is the cell organelle that is nicknamed a “suicide sac”. | Lysosomes |
| The cell organelle that packages the proteins made by the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the _____________ (or body). | Gogli apparatus |
| What is the purpose of flagella and cilia? | Flagella and cilia are structure that aid in locomotion and help move fluids across the surface of tissue cell in animals. |
| The flow of genetic information in cells is from___to__to_. | DNA to RNA to PROTEIN |
| Endergonic reactions absorb or release chemical bond energy | absorb |
| The formation of ATP from ADP and Pi is an endergonic or exergonic reaction. | endergonic |
| The breakage of ATP to form ADP and Pi is an endergonic or exergonic reaction. | exergonic |
| The breakage of the high-energy bond of an ATP can release energy to an endergonic or exergonic reactions. | endergonic |
| The formation of the high-energy bond of ATP absorb energy from an endergonic endergonic or exergonic reactions | endergonic |
| Endergonic or Exergonic reactions cannot reach the transition state without input of activation energy. | endergonic |
| Enzymes are catalysts. What is a catalyst? | Molecules that speed up reactions without being changed themselves. Enzymes bind hold the reactants close together to reduce energy requirements. |
| Enzymes _______ the energy required to reach the transition state for reactions. | lower |
| Almost all enzymes belong to what class of macromolecules? Enzymes are generally _______ molecules. | protein |
| The part of the enzyme molecule that binds to the substrate(s) of the reaction is called the ______________ . | active site |
| The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its ________________ . | identity |
| The ______ of a protein determines its function | shape |
| word equation for cellular respiration. | Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen→ Carbon dioxide +Water +Energy (as ATP) |
| What is the difference between oxidation and reduction. | Oxidation occurs when a reactant loses electrons during the reaction. Reduction occurs when a reactant gains electrons during the reaction. |
| If an atom has a high electronegativity is it more likely to be oxidized or reduced? | Oxidized: Oxygen is quite electronegative. That means it has a strong attraction for electrons. It is able to cause the “oxidation” of other compounds. There are other elements that are electronegative too |
| In cellular respiration glucose is ___________ and Oxygen is reduced. | oxidized |
| hree parts of cellular respiration. | 1-Glycolysis (happens in the cytoplasm) 2-Krebs Cycle (Happens in the mitochondria) 3-Electron Transport Chain All three parts produce ATP for use by the cell |
| Which part provides the most ATP per glucose molecule? | Electron Transport Chain (ETC) ~ 32 ATP |
| Which part of cellular respiration occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria? | Krebs Cycle (Happens in the mitochondria) |
| Which part of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm? | Glycolysis (happens in the cytoplasm) |
| When oxygen is NOT available which ONE the three parts of cell respiration still functions? | Cells can still harvest energy when oxygen is not available by using the Anaerobic Pathway. It includes: Glycolysis AND Fermentation Krebs Cycle and the ETC do not occur if oxygen is unavailable. |
| Explain the purpose of fermentation. | The sole purpose of fermentation is to recycle the electron/hydrogen carrier NADH back to NAD+ so it can be reused for another round of glycolysis. It regenerates NAD+ from NADH to keep glycolysis going in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation o |
| What acid is produced by human fermentation of pyruvate? | lactic acid |
| In certain yeast cells NADH and pyruvate react to form NAD+, carbon dioxide gas and ethyl alcohol. | What are the two products of yeast fermentation of pyruvate? |
| Write the word equation for photosynthesis. | Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light ---> Glucose + Oxygen |
| In photosynthesis Water is oxidized and CO2 is ________________ . | reduced |
| In photosynthesis ______________is oxidized and CO2 is reduced. | Water |
| The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ______________ membranes inside the chloroplast. | thylakoids |
| The carbon-fixing reactions of photosynthesis in the ____________ of the chloroplast. | Stroma |
| List the two plant cell organelles that contain Electron Transport Chains. | chloroplasts aND Mitochondria |
| Chlorophyll ____________ green light. | reflects |
| The “greenhouse effect” is due to the build-up of (what molecule?) in the earth’s atmosphere. | CO2 |
| The greenhouse effect causes heat from the radiation of the sun to be (reflected or absorbed) by the earth’s atmosphere. | absorbed |
| List two human activities that contribute to the greenhouse effect. | Human activities like removing trees and burning fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil) are causing carbon dioxide to accumulate in the atmosphere, where it traps heat at the planet’s surface to enhance the greenhouse effect that is leading to global warming |
| list 9 characteristics of life | Maintain order Metabolize food Move React to the environment Reproduce Grow and develop Pass genetic traits to offspring Evolve Adapt |
| Of the 9 characteristics of life those which are related to energy | Maintain order Metabolize food Move React to the environment |
| Of the 9 characteristics of life those which are related to reproduction | Reproduce Grow and develop Pass genetic traits to offspring Evolve Adapt |
| Living organisms maintain order by taking in energy from their _______________ | ENVIRONMENT |
| Describe a simple food chain in which a human being is at the end of the chain | Sun-grass-cows-people |
| List three forms of motility in living organisms. | Self propelled, Swimming, walking, flying |
| List three forms of reactivity in living organisms. | Sweaing, pupils dilating, fight or flight |
| a.All living organisms have a common ancestor. | True |
| b. Organisms that are best suited to their ENVIRONMENT are most likely to pass their genes onto the next generation. True or False | True |
| The scientist who coined the term “natural selection” is _______ | Charles Darwin |
| NATURE selects the “fittest” organisms to reproduce and pass genes to the next generation true or fALSE | True |
| The 3 domains of organisms are _______________ | Eucarya, Archaebacteria and Bacteria |
| To what domain do humans belong? | Eucarya |
| List the four kingdoms in the domain to which humans belong. | Plantae, Animalia, fungi and Protista |
| About how many different species exist on Earth? | 50 million |
| Rearrange these terms in order of size (and inclusivity) from smallest to largest: biosphere, community, ecosystem, population. | 1) Population 2) Community 3) Ecosystem 4) Biosphere |
| Rearrange these terms in order of size (and inclusivity) organ, tissue, molecule, organ system, cell, organism, atom, organelle - | Atom- molecules -organelles-cells-tissue-organ-organ system-organism |
| The branch of science that examines the relationships between organisms and their environment is _________________ | Ecology |
| ____________ reproduction results in offspring that are identical to the parent. | Asexual |
| _______________ reproduction results in offspring that are similar, but not identical to either parent. | Sexual |
| A scientific hypothesis must be both ______&_______ | falsifiable and testable |
| How does a scientific hypothesis become a scientific theory? | Supported over and over again through scientific experiment over time |
| What two factors determine statistical significance of experimental measurement data? | 1) Magnitude of difference between the control group data and the experimental group data and 2) sample size |
| List the three types of particles in an atom. | Protons, Electrons and Neutrons |
| Which two types of particles are located in the nucleus of the atom? | Protons and Electrons |
| If an atom has 8 electrons how many protons does it have? | 8 |
| Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons are called ______________ | Isotopes |
| When an atom loses an electron it becomes a __________ion. (positive or negative?) | Positive |
| Explain the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond. | Ionic bond the electron is transferred- it is stronger than a covalent bond Covalent bond the electron is shared becoming a shared electron pair |
| What does the term organic mean? | Contains carbon |
| How many covalent bonds can carbon form with other atoms? | 4 |
| What is the chemical formula for methane? | CH4 |
| What is the chemical formula for carbon dioxide? | CO2 |
| What is the chemical formula for water? | H20 |
| What is the chemical formula for oxygen gas? | O2 |
| What is the chemical formula for table salt? | NaCl |
| Is NaCl an ionic compound? | Yes |
| Why is water a polar molecule? | Water is a polar molecule because the electrons in its covalent bonds spend more time with the Oxygen atom(s) than with the hydrogen atom(s). |
| The type of bond that forms BETWEEN water molecules due to polarity is _______________? | The type of bond that forms BETWEEN water molecules due to polarity is a covalent bond. |
| Give two reasons why water is an important biological molecule. | Biochemical reactions occur in water Water is a solvent=Every cell contains solutions in which water is the solvent |
| When water dissolves a salt (NaCl) crystal, the ____________ ends of the water molecules are attracted to the negative ions in the crystal and will pull those ions out of the crystal formation. | positive |
| When salt is dissolved in water, which substance is the solvent? | water |
| A pH of 2 is (acidic/basic/neutral). | Acidic |
| A pH of 10 is (acidic/basic/neutral). | basic |
| ____________prevent large changes in PH Levels. | Buffers |
| What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat? | Saturated fats do not have double bind and are solid at room temp, unsaturated have one or more double bond |
| Which triglycerides are healthier, saturated or unsaturated? | unsaturated |
| Which type of cholesterol is healthier, LDL or HDL? | HDL |
| function of Nucleic Acids | Building blocks of DNA and RNA |
| Function of proteins | 1. Carry substance around the body 2. Form structural parts of cells 3. Control cell processes 4. Act as messengers 5. Can protect from diseases 6. Speed up reactions (enzymes) 7. Act as receptors |
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sjg1207
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