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AP BIO NEW FINISHED1
AP BIO Part 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| biology | the scientific study of life. |
| evolution | the process of shane that has shaped life from its origin on Earth to today's diversity, as an organizing principle. |
| emergent properties | result from the structural arrangement and interaction among each level of biological organization. |
| systems biology | models biological systems and predicts their responses as variables change |
| prokaryotic cell | lack both a nucleus to enclose its DNA and most cytoplasmic organelles. Unique to bacteria and archaea. |
| eukaryotic cell | has a nucleus containing its DNA, and numerous membrane-bounds organelles, is typical of all other living organisms. |
| DNA | where the heritable information of a cell is coded, the substance of genes |
| Genes | the units of inheritance, which transmit information from parents to offspring. (located on chromosomes) |
| Genome | all the genetic instruction an organism inherits |
| bioinformatics | provides the computing power, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate data from enormous data sets. |
| negative feedback | and end product slows down a process, often inhibiting an enzyme. |
| positive feedback | and end product speeds up its own production (less common in biological processes). |
| 3 domains- groups all of life | Domain Archaea (Prokaryotes) Domain Bacteria (Prokaryotes) Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes) |
| Discovery Science | careful and verifiable observation and analysis of data are the basis of discovery science. |
| data | recorded observations (include both quantitative and qualitative). |
| hypothesis | a tentative answer to a question or explanation of observations. |
| deductive reasoning | proceeds from the general to the specific (general hypothesis to a specific prediction of the results if the premise is correct). |
| controlled experiment | subjects are dived into an experimental group and a control group. Both groups are treated alike except for one variable that the experiment is trying to test. |
| theory | broader in scope than a hypothesis and is supported by a large body of evidence. (can be modified or rejected) |
| models | help explain ideas and processes (diagrams, graphs, computer programs, mathematical equations). |
| _________, _________, _________, _________ make up 96% of living matter | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| ________________ are those required by an organism in minute quantities | Trace elements |
| An ________ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element | atom |
| the three subatomic particles are | protons, neutrons, electrons |
| An element’s ___________ is the number of protons in its nucleus | atomic number |
| _______________ decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy | Radioactive isotopes |
| Some applications of radioactive isotopes in biological research are: | Dating fossils Tracing atoms through metabolic processes Diagnosing medical disorders |
| _____________ are those in the outermost shell | Valence electrons |
| A ____________ is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms | covalent bond |
| A ______________ consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds | molecule |
| In a __________________, one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally | polar covalent bond |
| A __________ is a positively charged ion | cation |
| An ____________ is a negatively charged ion | anion |
| An __________ is an attraction between an anion and a cation | ionic bond |
| A _______________ forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom | hydrogen bond |
| ________________ are the making and breaking of chemical bonds | Chemical reactions |
| The water molecule is a _______________: The opposite ends have opposite charges | polar molecule |
| hierarchy of life | biosphere> ecosystem > community > population > organism > organ system > organ > tissue > cell > organelle > molecule > atom |
| Theme: organization | hierarchy of life, emergent properties, eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells |
| theme: information | DNA, genes, gene expression |
| gene expression | when DNA sequences program a call's protein production by being transcribed into RNA and then translated into specific proteins |
| Theme: energy and matter | energy flows through an ecosystem. all organisms must perform work. |
| Evolution | Process of change that transformed life on Earth; fundamental organizing principle of biology |
| Properties of LIfe | Order, regulation, energy processing, growth, reproduction, adaption, response to environment |
| 8 themes | 1) New properties emerge at each level in biological heirarchy 2) Organisms interact with others and physical environment 3) Life requires energy transfer and transformation 4) Structure and function are correlated at all levels of bio organiziation |
| 8 themes cont. | 5)Cell is an org's basica unit of structure/funt 6) Continuity of life based on heritable info (DNA) 7) Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems 8)Evolution |
| Emergent Properties | Due to arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases |
| Power and Limitations of Reductionism | reducing complex systems to simpler components that are easier to manage/study |
| Systems Biology | approach that attempts to model dynamic behavior of whole bio systems based on study of interactions among parts |
| Eukaryotic Cell | animal/plant, subdivided by internal membranes into various organelles, largest usually being nucleus which contains DNA, other located in cytoplasm |
| Prokarytoic Cell | simpler, usually smaller, bacteria/archaea, DNA not separated, lack other organelles |
| Foundation of all reproduction, growth, repair | Division of cells |
| Levels of Biological Organization | atom, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere (AMOCTOOOPCEB - AM October, ooo, please carry extra bags) |
| Genome | entire "library" of genetic instructions an org inherits |
| Genomics | studying whole sets of genes of a species as well as comparing genomes between species rather than studying a single gene at a time |
| Bioinformatics | use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze huge volume of data |
| Negative Feedback | accumulation of an end product slows process down |
| Positive Feedback | end product speeds up its own production (clotting) |
| 3 Domains of Life | Bacteria (most diverse), Archaea (extreme enviros), Eukarya |
| Science | way of knowing; an approach to understanding the natural world |
| Inquiry | Search for info and explanation |
| Data | Recorded observations |
| Inductive Reasoning | derive generalizations from large |
| Hypothesis | tentative answer to well framed question |
| Deductive Reasoning | General to specific |
| Theory | Broad, general, supported by lots of evidence |
| Technology | Method/device that applies sci knowledge for some specific purpose that affects society |
| systems biology | the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, chromosomes that contain genetic material |
| genomics | the study of whole sets of genes in one or more species |
| bioinformatics | the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of dat that results from high throughput methods |
| inquiry | a search for information and explanations of natural phenomena |
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