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Bio101 Exam Chpt 1-6
Exam 1 Study Guide Chapters 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution (i.e. salt) |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. |
| What are the three parts of an Atom? What is their mass and charge? | Protons (mass=1; charge=+1), Neutrons (mass=1; charge=0), Electrons (mass=0; charge=-1) |
| Four kingdoms of Eukarya? | Protists, Plantea, Fungi, Animal |
| Organic Compounds | Are carbon based molecules. Contain carbon which can bond to four other elements or groups. |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Is a weaker bond, has a partial positive charge which is attracted to the negative oxygen molecule. |
| Eukaryotic Cells | Is a cells with a DNA membrane enclosed nucleus and organelles. |
| Prokaryotic Cells | Is a single cell with no nucleus. |
| Solution | Is a liquid mixed with another substance. |
| Polar Covalent Bond | Is a weaker bond where electrons are not shared equally. |
| Independent | A variable that will cause the change. |
| Dependent | A variable that is measured. |
| Three Domains of Life | Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya |
| Archaea | Prokaryotic cells, simple and small, and live in extreme environments. |
| Bacteria | Prokaryotic cells, small and unicellular, most diverse and widespread. |
| Eukarya | Are single celled protists that have a nucleus and organelles which are separated by membranes also contains multicellular like plants, animals, and fungi. |
| Heat | The amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in a body of matter. |
| Temparature | Measures the heat through the speed of molecules in a body of matter. |
| Ion | Is an atom or molecule that changes due to a loss or a gain of electrons. |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | Is a bond where electrons are shared equally. |
| Monomer | Is a single unit building block molecules; like beads. |
| pH Scale | Stands for potential of hydrogen and describes how acidic or basic a solution is. |
| Acid | Is a compound that donates and contains high levels of H+, and has low pH values. |
| Polymers | Ara identical molecule monomers strung together make this string. |
| Mass Number | Is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. |
| Atomic Number | Is the number of protons an atom has. |
| Bases | Have a higher concentration of OH- than H+ ions, which it accepts and then removes from the solution; has a high pH value. |
| Solvent | Is the dissolving agent of a solution (i.e. water) |
| Five Functional Groups | Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate |
| Hydroxyl Group | This group has a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen (--OH) |
| Carbonyl Group | This group has a carbon linked by double bond to oxygen (C=O) |
| Carboxyl Group | This group has a carbon double bonded to oxygen and a hydroxyl group (C=OOH). |
| Amino Group | This group has nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen (NH2). |
| Phosphate Group | This group has a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen (OPO32-) |
| Isomers | Are compounds with the same formula but with different structural arrangements. |
| Hypothesis | Is a proposed explanation for a set of observations, an educated guess, uses deductive reasoning, and must be TESTABLE and FALSIFIABLE. |
| Theory | Is much broader in scope and is supported by a large body of evidence. |
| Dehydration | Means to remove water; turn a monomer into a polymer. |
| Hydrolysis | Means to break with water by adding water; turn a polymer into a monomer. |
| Covalent Bond | Is the strongest type of bond where atoms share outer shell electrons. |
| Carbon Skeleton | Is a chain of carbon atoms that vary in length and can be branched, unbranched, double bonds, or even arranged in rings. |
| Ionic Bond | This is what happens when the attraction between two ions hold together. |
| Hydrocarbons | What compound is composed of only carbon and hydrogen? |
| Four main classes or organic molcules? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| Carbohydrates | These are made of carbon & water and are long chains of sugar units; major functions are storage and structure. |
| Hydrophilic | Means water loving(soluble) |
| Cellulose | Is a polymer of glucose that forms plant cell walls. |
| Starch | Is composed of glucose monomers and used by plants for food storage. |
| Chitin | Is a polysaccharides used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskeleton. |
| Hydrophobic | Means water fearing(insoluble) |
| What is made from carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds? | Lipids |
| What is made from glycerol and 3 fatty acids? | Lipids |
| What is also called a triglyceride because of its structure? | Lipids |
| Phospholipds | These are similiar to fats and is a major part of a cell membrane. |
| Unsaturated Fats | What prevents fatty acids from packing tightly together such as veggy oil. |
| Saturated Fats | Fatty acids that pack close together and solidify like butter. |
| Four levels of protein structure | Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| Primary Protein Structure | Which protein structure has a unique sequence of amino acids to form a chain? |
| Secondary Protein Structure | Which protein structure has a coiling or folding of the polypeptide chain? |
| Tertiary Protein Structure | Which protein structure has a 3D shape of polypeptide? |
| Quaternary Protein Structure | Which protein structure has four polypeptide subunits? |
| Denaturation | This means the unraveling of peptide chains and if it looses its shape it looses its function. |
| Protein | A molecule of polypeptides folded into a specific 3D structure. |
| Where is protein found in the body? | Hair, muscle, enzymes, and cellular activities |
| Proteins are built from what? | 20 different amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds. |
| Peptide Bond | A covalent bond between two amino acids. |
| How are proteins linked together? | Amino acids are linked through the dehydration process. |
| What are the two types of nucleic acids? | DNA & RNA |
| What are DNA & RNA made from? | They are made from monomers called nucleotides. |
| Nucleotides | Contains a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and 5-carbon sugar |
| What do both Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells have in common? | They both have a plasma membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes that produce proteins. |
| Which type of cell; Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic, is small and structurally simple? | Prokaryotic |
| Which type of cell; Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic, has no nucleus but has DNA? | Prokaryotic |
| Which type of cell; Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic, lacks organelles? | Prokaryotic |
| Which type of cell; Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic, is large and structurally complex? | Eukaryotic |
| Which type of cell; Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic, has a nucleus that houses DNA? | Eukaryotic |
| Which type of cell; Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic, contains organelles? | Eukaryotic |
| What 4 functions does the Eukaryotic cell perform? | Genetic control, manufacturing, energy, structural support. |
| What two organelles in the Eukaryotic cell perform genetic control? | Nucleus & Ribosomes |
| What two organelles in the Eukaryotic cell perform energy processing? | Mitrochondria & chloroplast |
| What organelles help support the Eukaryotic cell? | Cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, & Cell wall |
| What orgenalles help in manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown in an Eukaryotic cell? | ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, & peroxisomes. |
| What organelles do plant cells lack that animal cells do not? | Lysosomes and centrioles |
| What organells do animal cells lack that plant cells do not? | Rigid cell wall, chloroplast, and central vacuole |
| Plasma Membrane is made up of what? | Phospholipid bilayers and proteins |
| What controls movement of molecules in and out of a cell? | Selective permeability proteins |
| What is a Nuclear envelope? | It is a double membrane with pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus. |
| What does an Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) do? | It carries materials from one part of the cell to another part of the cell. |
| What does a nucleus contain the help form chromosomes? | Proteins and DNA also known as chromatin. |
| What is chromatin? | Chromatin is a complex of proteins and DNA mass in a nucleus. |
| What makes proteins for use in the cell and for export? | Ribosomes |
| Where are ribosomes made? | Ribosomes are made in the nucleus. |
| What are ribosomes used for? | Ribosomes are used in protein synthesis. |
| There are free and bound ribosomes, where are they located? | Free ribosomes are suspended int he cytoplasm, bounded ribosomes are attached to the ER. |
| Many of the membranes of the Eukaryotic cell are part of what system? | They are part of the endomembrane system. |
| What 6 systems work together to make, store & export cell products? | Nuclear Envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane |
| What does a smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) do? | A smooth ER has no attached ribosomes and produces enzymes that make lipids. |
| What does a rough Endopolasmic Reticulum (ER) do? | A rough ER lines the outer surface of membranes and makes proteins and more membranes. |
| What is the main process of the Golgi apparatus? | This organelle receives, finishes, sorts, and ships products from and to other organelles. |
| What is the relationship between the ER and Golgi apparatus? | The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecule warehouse where it finishes products made by the ER. |
| How is a lysosome like a recycling center? | It is a digestive enzyme that helps breakdown foods or remove and recycle damaged cell parts. |
| This organelle is a membranous sac with various functions? | Vacuoles |
| What are some of the functions of Vacuoles? | They have hydrolytic functions, they provide color to flowers, and expel water. |
| What organelle carry out cellular respiration converting chemical energy to the molecule called ATP? | Mitochondria |
| What organelle is found only in plant cells and is the site of photosynthesis? | Chloroplasts |
| What is photosynthesis? | It is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules. |
| What are the folds called in the Mitochondria? | cristae |
| What do cristae do in the Mitochondria? | These folds increase the membrane's surface enhancing the ability to produce ATP. |
| A Chloroplast is made up of what parts? | Inner and outer membranes, stroma/thylakoid, granum. |
| In a chloroplast organelle where is the stroma located? | This liquid is located between the inner and outer membrane. |
| Cytoskeleton | The cell's internal skeleton that helps organize its structure and activities. |
| What structures are involved in cell movement? | Cilia and Flagella |
| Short hairs that help a cell move is called? | Cilia |
| A whip like structure on the outside of a cell that helps it move is called? | Flagella |
| A protein that span the plasma membrane and connects to microfilaments of cytoskeleton. | Integrins |
| Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues, what are they? | Tight, anchoring, and Gap |
| What does a tight junction in an animal cell mean? | This junction prevents leakage across layers. |
| What does an anchoring junction in an animal cell mean? | This junction functions like rivets and fastens cells together in sheets. |
| What does a gap junction in an animal cell mean? | This junction allows molecules to move between cells. |
| What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP |
| What maintains cell shape and provide framework through attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix? | Membrane Proteins |
| What has receptors for chemical messengers from other cells? | Membrane Proteins |
| What function as enzymes? | Membrane Proteins |
| What form junctions that attach adjacent to cells to each other. | Membrane Proteins |
| What exhibits selective permeability allowing some substances to cross more easily than others. | Membrane Proteins |
| What is it called when a cell does not have to do work when molecules diffuse across its membrane? | Passive Transport |
| What is the process in which particles spread out evenly in an available space? | Diffusion |
| Why is diffusion across a membrane called passive transport? | The cell does not require energy to transport substances that are diffusing down their concentration gradient. |
| What does concentration gradient mean? | It means to spread from high concentration to low concentration where it will eventually reach equilibrium where the concentration of particles is the same throughout the available space. |
| What is the diffusion of water across a membrane called? | Osmosis |
| What does Osmosis mean? | It means the diffusion of water across selectively permeable membranes. |
| Describe what passive transport osmosis is. | When the membranes permeable to water but not solutes separate two solutions with different concentrations of solute the water will cross the membrane moving down its own concentration gradient until the solute concentration on both sides in equal. |
| What is Tonicity? | It is the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water depending on the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane. |
| What is Isotonic Solution? | When the concentration of solute is the same on both sides of the membrane; cell volume does not change. |
| What is Hypotonic Solution? | When the solute concentration is lower outside the cell; water molecules move into the cell. |
| What is Hypertonic Solution? | When the solute concentration is higher outside the cell; water molecules move out of the cell. |
| What does Osmoregulation mean? | It means the control of water balance. |
| What is Isotonic Solution? | When a cell's tonicity remains constant with the tonicity outside the cell. |
| What is Active Transport? | It is the movement of solutes from low concentration to high concentration; requires energy (ATP); and is accomplished through transport proteins. |
| What do Aquaporins do? | They move water. |
| What two processes transport large molecules across membranes? | Exocytosis and Endocytosis |
| What does Exocytosis mean? | It means the export of bulky material such as proteins and polysaccharides out of cells. |
| What does Endocytosis mean? | It means to import bulky substances into the cell. |
| What are the three types of Endocytosis? | Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis. |
| Phagocytosis is also known as what? | "Cellular Eating" because it engulfs a particle by wrapping extensions around it. |
| Pinocytosis is also known as what? | "Cellular Drinking" because the cell pulls in droplets. |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis is also known as what? | This type of Endocytosis is highly specific in what type of proteins it takes in. |
| What is Kinetic Energy (Heat)? | The energy of motion. |
| What is Potential Energy (Chemical)? | Stored energy that an object possesses due to its location or structure. |
| What is Energy? | The capacity to do work and cause a change through motion and stored energy. |
| What form of kinetic energy is associated with random movement of molecules? | Thermal Energy |
| What form of kinetic energy is harnessed to power photosynthesis? | Light Energy |
| What form of potential energy is stored in chemical bonds of molecules? | Chemical Energy |
| Thermodynamics is the study of what? | Energy transformations |
| What is the First Law of Thermodynamics? | Energy can be transferred & transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
| What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics? | Energy transformations increase disorder and some energy is lost as heat. |
| What type of chemical reaction release energy? | Exergonic Reactions |
| What type of chemical reaction yield products that are rich in potential energy? | Endergonic Reactions |
| What are protein catalysts that speed up reactions? | Enzymes |
| Name two process that provide energy for life. | Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis |
| What are the three stages of Cellular Respiration? | Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation & The citric acid cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylatoin |
| Where does Glycolysis occur? | It occurs in the cytoplasm. |
| What does Glycolysis do? | It breaks glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate. |
| Where does Pyruvate Oxidation & The Citric Acid Cycle occur? | It occurs it the mitochondria. |
| What stage oxidizes pyruvate into a 2-carbon compound and supplies the third stage with electrons? | Stage two of the Cellular Respiration; the Pyruvate Oxidation & The Citric Acid Cycle |
| Where does the Oxidative Phosporylation occur? | It occurs in the inner mitochondrion membrane. |
| What stage of cellular respiration shuttles electrons through electron transport chain and generates ATP through chemiosmosis? | Stage 3 the Oxidative Phosphorylation |
| What enzyme removes hydrogen from an organic molecule? | Dehydrogenase |
| Cellular Respiration produces up to ___ ATP molecules from each glucose molecule. | 32 |
| Cellular Respiration captures ___% of energy originally stored in glucose. | 34 |
| C6H12O6 + _____ --> 6CO2 + _____ + ATP | 6CO2, 6H2O |
| _______ + 6CO2 --> _____ + 6H20 + ATP | 6CH12O6, 6CO2 |
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dtgs2010
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