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NURS 453 Chapter 1
Cellular Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cytoplasm | Liquid material of cell enclosed with plasma membrane. |
| 8 functions of cells | Movement, Conduction, Metabolic Absorption, Secretion, Excretion, Respiration, Reproduction, Communication (M,C, MA, S, E, R, R, C) |
| Ribosomes | RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Membrane factory that specializes in the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids. communicates with the Golgi complex and interacts with other organelles, particularly lysosomes and peroxisomes. |
| two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum | Rough and Smooth |
| Rough ER | Has ribosomes on it. |
| Smooth ER | Involved in synthesis of steroid hormones and involved in removal of toxins from cell |
| The Golgi Complex or Golgi Apparatus | The refining plant and directs traffic (e.g., protein, polynucleotide, polysaccharide molecules) in the cell. Processing and packaging from the ER |
| Lysosomes | Are responsible for breaking down cell components when necessary and contain hydrolases |
| Dormant Lysosomes are called | Primary Lysosomes |
| Active lysosomes are called | Secondary or heterophagosomes |
| When the cell dies, the lysosomes involved are called | are called autolysosomes, or autophagosomes |
| Cell death is called | autodigestion |
| Anything undigested is called | Residual bodies and are expelled eventually. They are usually made out of lipids and cause age spots in older people. :( |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell |
| Histones are | DNA-binding proteins. The histones cause the supercoiling of DNA into chromosomes. |
| An amphipathic molecule is | both hydrophilic and hydrophobic |
| Proteins may act as | transport channels, pores, cell surface markers, enzymes that drive pumps, catalysts, and cell adhesion molecules. |
| Cell receptors bind with | specific ligands in the cytoplasm, cell membrane or nucleus |
| Desmosomes | hold cells together by forming bands or belts |
| The extracellular matrix is composed of | Elastin, Fibronctin and collagen - all carbohydrates |
| Tight junctions | are barriers for diffusion |
| Gap Junctions | communicating tunnels |
| Chemical synapses are | specialized junctions where a nerve cell releases a neurotransmitter. |
| Paracrine signaling is when | cells secrete local chemical mediators and act on nearby cells. |
| Autocrine signaling is when | cells act back on themselves by secreting chemical mediators. |
| Autostimulation is another name for | autocrine signaling. |
| A signaling cascade may do the following | Transfer, amplify, distribute, diverge, or modulate a message |
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jonquil
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