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AP Evolution part 2
Evolution Review g-z
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| geologic time scale | a measurement chronologically that is used by scientists to describe the relationship and relative timing of different events throughout the history of Earth |
| gradualism | a hypothesis that the process of evolution occurs through the gradual accumulation of genetic changes over the course of time |
| Hardy-Weinberg equation | p^2+2pq+q^2=1; where p^2 is the frequency of the dominant homozygous genotype, 2pq is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype, and q^2 is the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will stay constant from one generation to subsequent ones if certain evolutionary influences are absent |
| heterotrophic | requiring organic compounds of carbon and/or nitrogen for nourishment of the organism |
| homologous structures | structures shared by multiple that don’t perform the same function, but have a common ancestral origin |
| homology | a likeness in the same structures of different organisms |
| hybrid | a genetic hybrid is one that is a carrier for two different alleles of the same gene |
| hybrid inviability | an isolating mechanism in which a hybrid organism’s ability to mature into a fit and healthy adult is significantly reduced; a post-zygotic barrier |
| immigration | the migration of an organism(s) into a place of dwelling that was previously foreign |
| inbreeding | to breed from organisms that are closely (often immediately) related to each other over the course of many generations |
| isolation | occurs when a population of individuals is separated from another species that is capable of breeding with the original population |
| kingdom | a taxonomic ranking below domain and above phylum |
| last universal common ancestor | said to have lived 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago. It is the organism from which all life on earth descended. |
| limited resources | the finite amount of resources available on the globe; competition exists to fight for access to this finite sum of resources |
| mass extinction | a series of events that leads to a sharp decline in diversity on earth. |
| mechanical isolation | a form of reproductive isolation that results from the incompatibility of the reproductive structures of a male(s) and female(s) |
| migration | the movement of organisms from one location to another. |
| monomers | a simpler molecule that can bond to other identical molecules in order to form a polymer |
| mutation | a change in a gene’s structure that results in a variant form being created, which may be transmitted to future generations through reproductive processes |
| natural selection | a gradual process in which organisms that are better suited for their environment have a higher rate of survival and will produce more offspring in their lifetime; leads to certain traits becoming more/less common over time in that population |
| outgroup | in cladistics, an organismal group that is used as a reference for determining evolutionary relationships between monophyletic groups |
| paleontology | the study of prehistoric life |
| panspermia | the theory that life exists throughout the Universe, and has the capability to be spread throughout in the debris of various meteoroids, asteroids, and planets. |
| parallel evolution | the development of similar trait(s) in related species that have descended from the same common ancestor, but in different clades |
| phenotype | the observable, physical characteristics of an organism which is a result of the environment and genotype interacting over time |
| phylogenetic tree | a diagram that shows the believed evolutionary relationships between different species based upon similarities in physical or genetic characteristics |
| phylogeny | the portion of biology the relates to phylogenesis |
| polymorphism | the occurrence of different forms among organisms. |
| polyploidy | cells or organisms that have more than two homologous sets of chromosomes |
| population | all the organisms of a species who reside in the same geographical area and are capable of interbreeding |
| postzygotic isolating mechanism | a mechanism of isolation that makes a zygote nonviable or creates a sterile offspring; occurs after fertilization happens |
| prezygotic isolation mechanism | a mechanism of isolation that prevents egg and sperm from meeting and fertilization; occurs before the fertilization |
| primordial environment | first environment created. |
| protobiont | a system believed to have possible been a past precursor to what would become prokaryotic cells |
| radiometric dating | a means of dating geological specimens through the process of determining the proportions of a radioactive isotope in the sample being used |
| random assortment | different genes will separate from one another independently when reproductive cells develop |
| random fertilization | the fact that one of almost infinitely many kinds of sperm has the capability to fertilize an egg |
| random mating | when the genotypes of two organisms don’t influence the choice of partner for sexual reproduction |
| relative dating | science that determines the relative age of the earth and earth formations |
| reproductive isolation | mechanisms, behaviors, and processes that prevent members of separate species from producing offspring, or produce offspring that are fertile |
| rock strata | a distinguishable layer of sediment or minerals. |
| serial endosymbiosis | process by which mitochondria, chloroplasts, and possibly other cellular structures were derived from smaller prokaryotes that were consumed by larger cells; poses the model for the origin of eukaryotes |
| sexual selection | natural selection that comes from the preferences of one sex for a certain set of characteristics in members of the opposite sex |
| speciation | the beginning of a new species in evolution |
| species | a group of organisms whose members have anatomically similar structures and are capable of interbreeding with one another |
| stabilizing selection | natural selection that, over time, will favor the intermediate forms of variants by acting against the extremes of phenotypes |
| sterility | an inability to affect the process of sexual reproduction |
| stromatolite | an organism made up of lime-secreting cyanobacteria and trapped sediment. One of first life forms on earth. |
| symbionts | two organisms that live in symbiosis (mutually beneficial relationship) with one another |
| sympatric speciation | speciation results from an extreme change in the genotypic ratios of a population, which isolates a smaller part of the population from the larger population |
| temporal isolation | isolation that is the result of temporal differences between organisms in breeding (one mates in the summer, one mates in winter) |
| transitional fossil | a fossil that shows the evolution of one species to another. |
| variation | any difference between organisms within the same species |
| vestigial organs | an organ/structure in an organism that has very little, if any, importance to the organism |
| viability | the capability to grow and develop normally |
| zygotic mortality | when an egg becomes fertilized, but the zygote fails to develop afterwards |
Created by:
ssteuter
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