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AP Evolution part 1
Evolution Review a-g
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adaptation | when features evolve for a particular organism to make them better suited to survive and reproduce in their environment |
| adaptive radiation | numerous species emerge from a single common ancestor, giving way to diversity of opportunities and problems |
| allele | an alternative form of a gene that results from a mutation; alleles are found at the same place on chromosomes |
| allopatric speciation | when geographical barriers calls for the ancestral population to become segregated |
| amino acid | a functional group consisting of two hydrogen atoms bonded to a nitrogen atom |
| analogous structures | structures that are from different evolutionary origins, but have similar functions |
| antibiotic resistance | occurs due to the improper use/abuse of antibiotics; the bacteria in the body do not respond to the antibiotics needed to cure the bacteria/infection |
| artificial selection | selection of mates in plants and animals to allow for the occurrence of desired traits |
| background extinction rate | standard rate of extinction before humans became a contributor to extinctions in geological and biological history |
| behavioral isolation | species do not mate because of differences in their courtship |
| biogeography | the study of species based on their past and present distribution patterns |
| biological species | a group of organisms that has the ability to interbreed and produce offspring that are fertile |
| bottleneck effect | a dramatic decrease in the size of a population that results after environmental or human causes |
| cladograms | a diagram that depicts a cladistic (system of biological taxonomy) relationship amongst many species |
| clade | a grouping of organisms that are thought to have evolved from one common ancestor |
| class | a taxonomic rank in cladistics |
| coevolution | an influence of species that are closely associated on one another in their evolution(s) |
| common ancestor | an organism from which multiple organisms can claim descent |
| comparative anatomy | the study of similar anatomical features on species. |
| convergent evolution | the process of acquiring the same trait in lineages that are unrelated |
| crossing over | an exchange of genes with homologous chromosomes that later results in parental characteristics being mixed in offspring |
| Darwin | a naturalist who established a theory that all species have descended from common ancestors over the course of time. |
| diploidy | the state of having two sets of chromosomes in somatic cells |
| differential selection | A biased selection sample of organisms. |
| directional selection | a mechanism of natural selection where a single phenotype is favored, which would cause the allele frequency of the population to shift in one direction over time |
| divergent evolution | the process of accumulating differences amongst groups of organisms that eventually leads to the formation of new species |
| domain | a taxonomic rank that is the highest rank of organisms |
| ecological isolation | occurs when geographically co-occurring organisms are divided/separated by varying preferences ecologically |
| emigration | the migration of an organism(s) out of a place of dwelling |
| epoch | a time in history marked by notable events |
| evo-devo | type of biology that compares the development processes of differnt organims to determine their ancestral relationship. |
| evolution | process by which varying organisms develop and diversify from earlier form over the course of many generations |
| extinction | when there is no more organisms of a certain species living |
| family | a taxonomic rank below order and above genus |
| fertility | the natural capability to produce offspring |
| fixation of alleles | when an allele reaches a frequency of 100% |
| fossil | a remain or an impression of an organism from prehistoric times that has been preserved in a petrified form |
| fossil record | the history of life as documented and shown through fossils throughout the existence of life |
| Founder effect | a severe loss of genetic variation that results from a population being established by a miniscule number of individuals from a previous larger population |
| gene flow | the transfer of alleles of various genes from one population to another population over the course of time |
| gene pool | the accumulated genetic information of a population. |
| genetic drift | the change in allele frequency in a given population because of random sampling within that population |
| genetic equilibrium | a population is in genetic equilibrium when the frequency of alleles in the population does not change over the course of several generations |
| genetic variation | the variation amongst alleles in and among populations |
| genotype | the genetic make-up of a single organism |
| genus | a taxonomic rank below family and above species |
| geographic isolation | speciation that occurs when multiple populations of the same species become isolated from one another; which interferes with their ability to exchange genetic information between the populations |
Created by:
ssteuter
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