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A&P EXAM 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Be able identify the nine abdominopelvic regions both by verbal description and visual identification on a figure similar to fig 1.11. | |
| What is the highest level of structural organization you would expect a blood vessel to be? | |
| the specific name for hip/ groin/ thigh/ leg/ forearm/arm/front of elbow/calf/ shoulder blade/ breastbone/ cheek/ chin/ eye/ chest/ armpit/ neck/ etc. | coxal |
| Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback mechanisms? | Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. |
| The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane which | lining the thoracic cavity. |
| Distinguish between functional systems and organ systems. | |
| Describe the functions of the various organ systems and functional systems | |
| List and describe the subdivisions (topics) contained within the study of anatomy. | Regional- all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) • Systemic- gross anatomy of the body studied by system • Surface- study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin |
| Describe the structure and function of serous membranes. | Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures; serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a potential space between the two, serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. |
| List the components of the hierarchy of structural organization from simplest to most complex: | |
| List the functional characteristics of humans or other complex life forms? | • Maintaining boundaries • Movement • Responsiveness • Digestion • Metabolism • Excretion • Reproduction • Growth |
| Describe the process of homeostatic imbalance? | It is considered the cause of most diseases. |
| The pancreas and liver work together to maintain homeostasis through: | |
| The bridge of the nose is ________ to the left eye. | |
| The upper arm is ________ to the forearm | |
| The heart is ________ to the stomach. | |
| The fingers are ________ to the wrist. | |
| The stomach is ________ to the spine. | |
| is explained by chemical and physical principles and is concerned with the function of specific organs or organic systems. | Physiology |
| Can lungs carry out excretory functions? Explain. | The lungs release a waste product, carbon dioxide, by exhalation. |
| The higher we go in the mountains the greater the atmospheric pressure which causes a loss of oxygen. Comment on this statement. | Lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure. At high altitudes, where atmospheric pressure is lower and the air is thin, gas exchange may be inadequate to support cellular metabolism |
| Why is anatomical terminology necessary? • | To prevent misunderstanding, anatomists use universally accepted terms to identify body structures precisely and with a minimum of words. |
| Be able to identify the components of a G protein-linked receptor system as shown in Fig 3.16 | |
| Be able to identify the components of the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure as shown in fig 3.3 | |
| Describe the generation of a membrane potential? | A negative membrane potential is established when the movement of K+ out of the cell equals K+ movement into the cell; 1. K+ diffuse down their steep concentration gradient (out of the cell) via leakage channels; Loss of K+ results in a negative char |
| A red blood cell placed in pure water would: | in a hypertonic solution, the cells take in water by osmosis and become bloated and burst |
| The plasma membrane (cell membrane) is: | Membrane, composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, that encloses cell contents; outer limiting cell membrane |
| Describe the functions of the plasma membrane? | Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids; Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity; Glycocalyx is a glycoprotein area abutting the cell that provides highly specific biological markers by which cells recognize one another |
| Fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells are | cillia |
| Describe the process of diffusion? What factors affect the rate of diffusion? | Molecules are constantly moving colliding and ricocheting off one another, changing direction with each hit.; Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to spread evenly; Molecule size and temperature |
| List and describe the different cell junctions | 1. Tight Junction- impermeable junction that encircles a cell• Desmosome- anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells 2. Gap Junction- a nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells |
| If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? | It will shrivel up and shrink as its water exits the cell to try an equalize the solute outside |
| Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole describe what happens? | Lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material |
| Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to | changes in the environment. |
| Describe the function of microtubules | molecular transport through the membranes |
| List the functions of a plasma membrane protein. | |
| Describe the functions of RNA? | Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA plan a role in protein synthesis |
| The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a | centriole. |
| Compare and contrast inclusions and organelles | |
| Cholesterol is used in the cell membrane to__________________ | |
| If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA would be: | |
| Describe the structure and function of Phospholipids: | |
| Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? | Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| Describe the glycocalyx. | |
| Describe the structure and function of Mitochondria: | |
| Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for what purposes? | |
| How is cell resting membrane potential maintained | because extracellular levels are high |
| List the concepts of the cell theory? | |
| Cells are composed mainly of which elements | |
| Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? | |
| Describe the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? | |
| What is the endomembrane system? | An interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected |
| The functions of centrioles include | organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division |
| Crenation is an example of: | |
| List the ways hormones may enter cells | |
| If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ___ mRNA codon. | UCG |
| The RNA that has an anticodon and attaches to a specific amino acid is ________ RNA. | |
| Water may move through membrane pores constructed by transmembrane proteins called ________. | |
| ________ is the division of the cytoplasm. |
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