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Peninsula College
Microbiology 260L
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do cells get energy? | Cells can get energy by converting substances containing chemical energy to other substances that contain less chemical energy. |
| Tell how some prokaryotes change glucose molecules. | C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + some energy that cells can use. |
| When prokaryote cells harvest energy, what is transferred from one substance to another? | Electrons are transferred from one substance to another. |
| When a substance gains the electron (or gains H) it becomes a new substance, does it now contains more or less energy than it had before? | It contains more energy than it had before = it is “reduced” |
| When glucose reacts with O2, what happens to the glucose and what is formed? | Glucose loses H atoms and becomes CO2 = it is “oxidized” |
| In energy-releasing chemical reactions in cells, what is carried by particular molecules? | Electrons are carried by particular molecules |
| Name three types of electron carriers. | NAD+, FAD and NADP+ |
| What is reducing power of NADH and FADH2 used for? | Generate the electron transport chain. |
| What is the reducing power of NADPH used for? | It is used in biosynthetic reactions when a reduction is required. |
| Name three key metabolic pathways. | Glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, Kreb’s cycle. |
| Name two things that a cell can get by catobolizing glucose. | Energy and precursor metabolites that are useful for building other molecules that the cell needs. |
| What does Glycolysis accomplish? | Glycolysis breaks glucose down in a series of steps to two molecules of pyruvate and a small amount of ATP. |
| What does Pentose phosphate pathway accomplish? | The pentose pathway also leads to pyruvate but its primary metabolic role is the production of some molecules used in biosynthesis. |
| What does Krebs cycle accomplish? | Pyruvate is converted to a molecule that can enter Kreb’s cycle reactions. In Kreb’s cycle, this molecule is either completely broken down to release the greatest amount of energy or partially broken down to produce precursor metabolites for biosynthesis. |
| What are precursor metabolites created for? | Precursor metabolites are used for building important molecules of the cell. |
| What is meant by the term metabolism? | To grow all cells must accomplish two fundamental tasks. They must continually synthesize new materials and harvest energy. The sum total of chemical reactions used for biosynthetic and energy-harvesting process is call metabolism. |
| Name the two components of metabolism. | Catabolic reactions break molecules down and release energy. Eg, a glucose molecules 6 CO2 molecules + 6 H2O + energy. |
| Why do people study the metabolism of microorganisms? | Practical medical applications infectious disease diagnosis and development in new treatments. |
| What is meant by the term metabolic pathway? | The term metabolic pathway refers to a series of reactions that leads to the production of some product. Eg, When a yeast cell converts glucose to alcohol and CO2, the process is really a series of 12 individual steps, each catalyzed by a different enzyme |
| How do enzymes help the steps of the metabolic pathway? | Each step of a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a different enzyme. |
| What is a helper substance’s role with the enzyme? | Most enzymes can’t function unless they have a helper substance bound to an enzyme. These helpers, cofactors, are not proteins. The cofactors is a metal ion that is tighter attached to the enzyme, eg, magnesium, copper, zinc and other trace elements. Orga |
| Describe how allosteric enzymes help the metabolic pathway. | Allosteric enzymes generally catalyze the step that either initiates or commits to a given pathway. Because their activity can be controlled, they provide a cell with a means to modulate the pace of metabolic processes, turning off some pathways and turni |
| What is the feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway? | It is quite common that the end-product of a particular metabolic pathway acts as an allosteric inhibitor of the first enzyme of that pathway. Thus the end-product of the pathway turns off its own synthesis. This is “feedback inhibition” of the metabolic |
| Describe how proton gradients are useful for the prokaryotic cell’s available energy. | A high concentration of protons at the outside of a plasma membrane, a lower concentration at the inside of the membrane creates a proton gradient. The group of molecules involved in this pumping of protons to the outside is called an electron transport c |
| Explain the ATP to ADP cycle. | For many chemical reactions in a cell that require energy, energy is supplied by the breakdown of an ATP molecule. |
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