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lecture two/thr 1520
paleozoic era
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what were the periods of the paleozoic? | cambrian, ordovician, silurian,devonian, carboniferous, permian |
| what was gondwana | an early super cotnent during the cambrian |
| when were the first shelled animals? | beginning of the cambrian |
| what new phyla originated during the odovician | bryozoans, jawless fish, , zygomycete fungi, land plants, |
| what were the major events of the silurian? | fish w/ jaws, bony fish |
| what were the important events of the devonian | insects, ferns, vascualr plants, ascomycete fungi, winged insects, tetrapods,s eed plants |
| what were the important parts of the carboniferous | mammal-like reptiles |
| what about permian? | PANGEA, basidiomycete fungi, vesels in plants |
| what problemes did life have to solve to exist in the precambrian? | cell/tissue specialization (Multicellularity), accurate, sexual reproduction, structural support, cell communication, movement via bilateral symmetry |
| what were the factors that led to the cambrian radiation? | atmospheric O2 increased, breakup of Gondwana, chemical changes in the ocean |
| what are the bses for most animals | porifera sponges |
| what were the first metazoans? | porifera |
| what are the eumetazoa? | "true animals" doesn't include sponges, have true tissues organized into germ layers, an embryo that goes through a gastrula stage - cnidaria, mollusca, echinodermata, annelida, arthropoda |
| name types of eumetazoans | cnidaria, lophotrochozoan, ecdysozoa, deuterostomia |
| what were the common animals of the early paleozoic?? | arthropods/brachiopods (lophotrophozoan)/octopus |
| what are brachiopods? | millipeded and centipedes |
| what are trilobites | disappeared completel - group of arthropods |
| what are lophotrophozoans | mollusk annelids |
| what does ectisus mean? | molting |
| compare complete vs sac guts? | a sac body plan has food and waste go out the same way;a complete gut is a tube within a tube body plan |
| protostome vs. deuterostome | protostome- mouth before anus (mulluscs, annelids)/ deuterostome - anus before mouth (echinoderms, chordates) |
| what are acoelomates | no enclosed body cavity |
| compare coelomates and acoelomates | coelomates - enclosed body cavity completely lined with mesoderm....acoelomates do not have a coelom |
| what is metamerism | segmentation - a linear series of body annelids - segments that are fundamentally similar in structure though not necessarily in function |
| what is tagmatization | arthropods taking metamerism a step further;grouped adjacent metameres ito larger functional units, tagma, responsible for specialized tasks, |
| what is the blastula? | hollow sphere of cells formed early in development |
| how is metazoan early development classified? | cleavage pattern, origin of germ layers, fate of the blastospore (first opening) |
| how do protostomes develop? | spiral and determinate/ a sold mass of the mesoderm splits to form the coelom and the mouth dvelops from the blastospore |
| how to deuterostomes develop? | radia and indeterminate, coelom forms from the archenteron folds; anus develops from the blastospore |
| what are the types of deuterostomes? | echinodermata (starfish)and chordata |
| what are the types of protostomes? | lophotrochozoa (rotifera, platyhelmintehes (flatworms), annelids, moollusca), ecoysozoa (nematoda, arthropoda) |
| how did plants originate? | green algae, bryophytes (non-vascular), seedless vascular,seed plants |
| what does bryophyte mean? | nonvascular |
| what major steps in plant evolution allowed for a wet-dry transition? | cuticle - protect from dessication, stomata-air-gas exchange, vascular structures-stand upright |
| what species accompanied the colonization of land plants | glomeromycetes - specifically mycorrhizal fungi; plant receives minerals more efficiently and fungus receives organic nutrients |
| what are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi | contact the plasma membranes of root cells |
| what innovations allowed animals to make the transition to land? | notochord (support & forerunner of spinal column); jaw (capture/eating prey); limbs (colonizing terrestrial habitat); amniotic eggs (enable repro in non-aqautic habitats); endothermy: provided ability to power sustained, rapid moevemnts - survive cold |
| what are four features that distinguis chordates? | pharyngeal slits, notochords CNS with dorsal hollow nerve chord, post anal tail |
| what are features that chordates and echinoderms have? | pharanygeal gill slits |
| what are features that all chordata have? | a dorsal hollow nerve chord, notochord, postanal teal |
| what features distinguish vertebrata? | vertebrae; cranium |
| what do all gnathostomata have? | lungs/endoskeleton |
| what do sarcopterygi | lobed fins |
| what distinguishes tetrapods | limbs |
| what do amniota have? | amniotic eggs |
| what types of "fishy" chordates have lobed fins | coelacanths an dlungfish |
| describe the early vertebrates of the ordovician | innovations in nervious systems and skeletons. included conodonts and ostracoderms (hagfish and lampreys). 530 mya..endoskeletons made of cartilage |
| what were condodonts | predators during the ordovician with mineralized dental elements but no jaws///first evidence of bone tissue |
| what were ostracoderms | jawlless scavengers with bony armor on body. also had paired fins and semicircular canals in ear (helps balance) |
| what did jaws evolve from | modified gill arches |
| what are gnathostomes | jawed vertebrates; had 4 copies of Hox genes, lateral line system, mineralized endoskeleton; shoulder girdle, 2 pairs of appendages; lateral line sensing (pressure sensing) to sense changes in current |
| what were placoderms | armored gnathostomes |
| what were acanthodians | gnathostomes closely related to ancestors of ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes |
| what are modern gnathostomes | sharks and allies, ray-finned fishes, coelocanths, lungfishes, tetrapods |
| what were traits of a deuterostome ancestor by the silurian | jaws, bony armor, gills, anus, mouth |
| what were the periods of the late paleozoic era? | devonian, carboniferous, permian |
| what were laurentia and gondwana | major land masses in late paleozoic.. mild times laurentia was to the north and gondwana to the south |
| when was pangea created? | 250 myalarge supercontinent created large, arid interiors. northward drift decreased glaciation and increased mountain-bulding. Tethys sea covered much of Europe, created the the "C" of Pangaea. panthalassa ocean - sea levels dropped as continents combine |
| what species were flourishing during the paleozoic? | marine life (corals reef and invertebrates). chondrichythyes replaced lobe-finned fishes |
| what changes in organisms took place with the permian climate changing? | sedimentary organisms such as algae, stromatolites, formanifers, sponges, corals, bryozoa, and brachiopods build great reefs - provide homes/shelter for active animals...habitat diminished as time progressed |
| how did plants evolve during the late paleozoic? | devonian marked transition from vasc seedless to forests of large ferns, horsetails, and seed plants. carboniferous comprised of tropical swamp forests, esp. lycophytes. permian arid forests of gymnosperms |
| what were lycophytes? | giant woody treelike plants (up to 40 m) and small herbaceous plants |
| what are nonvascular plants called? give examples | bryophytes..mosses, liverwords, hornworts. gametophytes are photosynthetic; sporophytes are attached to the gametophytes and depend on them nutritionally; require water to reproduce |
| how did plants overcome water transplant issues? | specialized groups of cells that conduct water or dissovlved nutrients - xylem and phloem; roots; leaves |
| what are xylem | specialized groups of cells that conduct water and minerals..includes dead cells called tracheids |
| describe phloem | distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products. consists of living cells |
| what was the evolutionary sequence observed in water conducting cells | simple water conducting cells, first vascular tissue, tracheids, vessel elements |
| describe tracheids | have a primary wall of cellulose and a secondary wall of lignin. ends of lignin have pits. found in all vascular plants |
| describe vessel elements | have primary and secondary walls but also ends have gaps through both walls. found in gnetophytes and angiosperms |
| why are roots important? | they enable vascular plants to absorb water an dnutrients from the soil |
| why are leaves important? | they incresae the surface area of the vasclar plants so that they can capture more solar energy by photsynthesis |
| describe seedless vascular plants | vascular tissue: water conducting tubes reinforced with lignin; sporophyte is dominant, but still depends on gametophyte for nutrition when young - sperm are flagellated and require water to reach egg |
| what conditions led tocoal formatioN | north american land mass alternated between terrestrial and marine in upper carboniferous. absence of saprophytic fungi in swamps; waters in swamp led to anaerobic decay conditions |
| what led to the gymnosperm evolution? | primitive seed plants coexisted in swamp forests, but were not prominent until swamps began to dry. gymnosperms began to replace the swamp forests as climate became arid |
| how did plants overcome gamete dessication? | a seed - develops from te whole ovule. is a SPOROPHYTE embryo along with its food supply with a protective coat. sperm package came second |
| compare sporophytes and gametophytes | spor - asexual, zygote diploid phase first, haploid spores are formed; gam - sexual - start with haploid spore and form diploid male and female gametes |
| describe the sporophyte in different plants | small in bryophytes, larger in ferns, dominant in gymnosperms and angiosperms |
| describe teh male gametophyte in seed plants | reduced to a pollen grain |
| compare ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi | EMF - form sheaths around roots and penetrate between root cells; AMF - contact the plasma membrane of root cells |
| what are basidiomycota | completely digest lignin; mushrooms |
| ascomycota? | saprophytes; largest group of fungi |
| what are glomeromycota | encompass AMF |
| what was life like in the caroniferous swamp forests? | freshwater habitat filled by arthropods; fish, amphibians; reptiles - more oxygen so could have larger arthropods |
| how did the tetrapod limb form? | from fins of fish - there were early amphibians at hte end of the devonian |
| describe early tetrapods | like acanthostega - had fully formed legs and ankles but also gills and a tail fin |
| how did organisms overcome zygote dessication? | amniotic egg involves 4 extra-embryonic membranes and outer shell |
| what were the different parts of the amniotic egg | chorion - gas exchange; allantos - water storage; yolk sac - nutrients; amnion - fluid-filled chamber |
| what are the key features of amniotes? | amniotic egg protects embryo; adaptations to skin to reduce water loss but also limits gas exchange; rib cage ventilation replaced throat based ventilation |
| what were te two types of early reptiles of the carboniferous? | parareptiles and diapsids |
| what were parareptiles? | large, stocky herbivores |
| what were diapsids | gave rise to lepidosaurs and arhosaurs (dinosaurs, crocs, ptero, birds) |
| what are amniote groupings based on? | openings in the temporal region of hte skull? |
| compare anapsid, synapsids, and diapsids | anapsids had no opening and were early amniotes and trtles; synapsids had one opening and were mammalian ancestors (evolved alst); diapsids had two and were most modern reptiles and birds |
| how old is the oldest known winged insect? | 400 mya |
| describe insect diversification in permian | radiation of hemipterans and holomeabolous lineages; multiple feeding strategies established; most lineages did not persist in to mesozoic era |
| describe the permian extinction | 90% or more of marine life went extinct - extinction among diapsids and pelycosaurs; many seedless plants lineages disappear |
| what are hypotheses for the end permian extinction? | sea level drop as pangea formed; extreme periods of volcanism; asteroid impact |
| what evidence is there for the bedout crater? | read becker et al |
| what was the global landscape like as the paleozoic era closed? | paleozoic insect fauna had disapared and modern insect was sowing up; opportunites for new groups of vertebrates to raidate in water and on land; plant life will be dominated by species with traits congruent to new climate |
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nkjohnston1424
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