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Lecture One 1520
beginning of life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three parts of the pre-cambrian? | Hadean, Archaean, Proterozoic(hadean occured before pre-cambrian 4.6-3.8) |
| Describe the precambrian era | included origin of life, photosynthesis, and the oxygen atmosphere. most of the eart was covered in ocean ice |
| when was the earliest signs of life? | the earth formed 4.6 bya,first chemical signatures of life - 3.6 bya. multicellularity around 550 mya |
| what innovations took place during the proterozoic? | first euks, red algae, multiceulluar, green and brown algae, rise in atmospheric CO2 |
| Describe the O2 cumulation during the proterozoic | electron transport systems for ATP synthesis developed. all three domains possess it. probably evolved with cyanobacteria and began to accumulate around 2.7 bya |
| what are the three eons of the geologic record? | archaean, proterozoic, phanerozoic |
| when did the first cyanobacteria show up? | 2.5 bya |
| what were the three eras of the phanerozoic eons? | paleozoic, meseozoic,cenozoic |
| describe the cambrian period | first comb jellies, arthropods, vertebrates, arthrepods diversify and see first echinoderms |
| echinoderms | radial symmetry (sponges, starfish, etc.) |
| describe the ordovician | bryozoans, land plants, mycorrhizal fungi, cartaligenous fish |
| bryozoans | moss |
| what happened in the silurian? | first bony fish |
| devonian? | insects, fish w/ jaws, vasculary plants, ferns, tree-sized plants, winged insects, tetrapods, seed plants |
| carboniferous? | reptiles, |
| permian? | mammal-like reptiles, basidomycete fungi, vessels in plants |
| first dinousaurs? | mammals |
| first angiosperms, magnolia-family plants, placental mammals? | cretaceous |
| paleogene? | horses |
| what is the order of periods in the paleozoic? | cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous,permian |
| what were the periods of the mesozoic? | triassic, jurassic,cretaceous |
| periods of the cenozoic? | paleogene,neogene |
| when were the major mass extinctions? | ordovician,devonian, permian, triassic, cretaceous |
| what types of rocks are the richest sources of fossils? | sedimentary |
| what is wrong with the fossil record? | incomplete and biased both geographically and taxonomically |
| what are stromatolites? | living rocks; layers of bacteria and archaeans/biofilms/cyanobacteria |
| what characteristics distinguih eukaryotes from prokaryotes? | dna and cytoplasm separated by nuclear envelope; membrane bound compartments; highly specialized contractile proteins that move cells and internal parts |
| describe the earliest eukaryotes? | prokaryotes with a nuclear membrane that then acquired a mitochondria (primary endosymbiosis) |
| how did the nuclear envelope originate? | the plasma membrane enfolded to form the nucleus and er |
| what is the endosymbiosis theory? | an anaerobic eukaryote engulfed an aerobic bacterium that survived and formed a symbiotic relationship where they both thrived with O2 and ATP |
| what is some evidence for ATP | chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own proteins and their dna...maps outside of the eukaryotic lineages |
| what was the dominant lfe form for a few billion years? | cyano bacteria |
| why were cyanobacteria important? | key players in oxygen pollution; origin of chloroplasts...not fully engulfed photosynthesizing bacteria |
| how are plastids formed with multiple membranes? | eukaryotic cells engulf one bacteria that then engulf another one. a photosyntheitic protist engulfed an aerobic bacterium that then was engulfed by a predatory protist...the nucleus is lost within the photosynthetic protist |
| what evidence is there for serial endosymbiosis? | similarities in inner membrane structures and funcions, they both have their own circular dna,additional endosymbiotic events and horizontal gene transfers may have contributed to the large genomes and complex cellular structures of eukaryotic cells |
| what are some examples of modern day endosymbiosis? | diatoms that have cyanobacterium; zooxanthelle are algae that live within coral; tubeworms that harbor bacteria to oxidize HS; giant clams iwth zooxanthelle |
| what are sacoglossan nudibranchs? | photosynthetic slugs |
| what are the doushantuo fossils? | microscopic fossils...covers type from ediacaran to cambrian explosion.jellyfish or plants |
| when were the oldest multicellular eukaryotes found? | 1.5 bya...were colonies - collections of autonomously replicating cells...some cells in the colonies became specialized to different functions |
| what were the ediacaran fossils like? | small-bodied soft animals |
| which fossils had the first diverse, large animals with hard parts | burgess shale; calcium carbonates; a little over 500 mya |
| what is an animal? | multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers |
| how did animals originate in the proterozoic eon? | colonial flagellated ancestor developed during precambrian |
| how was the colonial flagellated ancestor formed? | colonial flagellated protist with unspecialized cells, certain cells became specialized for feeding and other functions, a developmental reorganization produced a two-layered animal with a sac-within-a-sac body plan - creates digestive cavity |
| what are the metazoa? | animals - multicellualr eukaryotes..earliest animal sponges had an excretory canal, pore, flame cell, cilia |
| what was the last key lineage established in the proterozoic? | fungi - chytrids (aquatic, parasitic, decomposers) zygomycetes (soil, parasitic, decomposers) |
| about how many years elapsed between the origin of life and the first eukaryotes? | 2 billion years |
| how long between origin of euks and first mulicellular oganisms | 100-400 million yeras |
| when did many animal phyla originate? | 1 bya to 700 million |
Created by:
nkjohnston1424
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