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Biology chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Animalia | The kingdom that consists of multicellular eukaryotic cells |
| Archaea | One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being bacteria |
| Bacteria | One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being archaea |
| Biology | The scientific study of life |
| Cell | Lifes fundamental unit of structure and function |
| Consumer | An organism that is dependent on another organism to gain nutrients |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of the cells proteins |
| Emergent properties | New properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life |
| Eukarya | The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms |
| Eukaryotic cell | A type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi and animals |
| Fungi | The kingdom that includes organisms that absorb nutrients after decomposing organic material |
| Organelle | One of several subcellular structures with specialized functions; suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
| Plantae | The kingdom that consists of multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis |
| Prokaryotic cell | A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles; found only in the domains bacteria and Archaea |
| Producer | An organism that is capable of turning light energy into chemical energy |
| Reductionism | Reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study |
| What are the properties of all living organisms? | ° Reproduce ° Movement ° Growth and development ° Response to stimulus ° Active metabolism and the ability to process energy from one form to another ° Complexity, in particular a cell based structure ° Adaptable to environment, shows evolution overtime |
| What are the levels of organization in living organisms, starting from smallest to largest? | Atoms to molecules to organelles to cells to organs to organ systems to organisms |
| What are emergent properties? | At each increasing level organization, new properties that were not apparent at the lower level becomes apparent. For example, two hydrogen ions and one oxygen atom makes a molecule of water which has very different properties than each of the individual |
| What is reductionism? | The flipside of becoming more complex in that some systems must be broken down into their component parts to understand how a larger system works |
| What is energy conversion? | In our biosphere, energy enters the system as sunlight. The producers of an ecosystem can convert that sunlight into chemical energy which the consumers can utilize. Every energy conversions generates some amount of heat energy |
| What is cell theory? | All living things consist of cells. All cells have DNA as genetic material and a protective cell membrane |
| What are the two major types of cells? | ° prokaryotic; overall simple, small structure, lacks a membrane-bound nucleus ° eukaryotic; larger than prokaryotic cells, have a true membrane-bound nucleus and contain many specialized organelles |
| What are the major classification of organisms? | ° Domain bacteria ° domain Archaea ° domain Eukarya |
| What are the kingdoms a part of domain you Eukarya? | ° Kingdoms Protista ° Kingdom Animalia ° Kingdom Plantae ° Kingdom Fungi |
| What is DNA? | The molecule of heredity of living organisms that's responsible for passing on genetic traits from parents to offspring |
| What is an Atom? | The smallest unit of matter that cannot be divided into smaller parts with normal chemicals |
| What groups together to form molecules? | Individual atoms |
| What are the units of matter that participate in chemical reactions? | Molecules |
| What are macromolecules? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| Molecules group together to form subcellular structures called what? | Organelles, that eukaryotic cells possess and each have important, individual jobs within cells |
| What is a cell? | The smallest unit of matter that can have all the properties we call life |
| Like cell types group together to form what? | Tissues such as muscle cells forming muscle tissues |
| Like tissue levels form what? | Organs which are structures within the body to provide certain functions such as the digestive system |
| Most organs are also grouped together with other organs that participate in what? | Organ systems such as the stomach and small intestine both being part of the digestive system |
| What are the two major dynamic processes of an ecosystem? | °cycling of nutrients such as the use of minerals by plants° flowing energy from sunlight to the producers of the environment |
| What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? | Prokaryotic cells are much simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells. They lack a nucleus and any other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and many specialized organelles. |
| What is the basic function of DNA? | It is the molecule responsible for passing on the cells heritable information from cell to cell when undergoing cell division and when creating gametes which will pass the genetic material from parent to offspring. |
| Each gene in DNA is the instruction manual for what? | Constructing a protein |
| What is systems biology? | It attempts to understand complex systems by studying the interactions of parts in that system |
| Global climate change is one of many examples of what interaction? | Organisms constantly interacting with other living organisms and the physical world |
| What is cycled through living organisms, into the environment and back again? | Nutrients and other vital materials |
| The exchange of energy between an organism and its surroundings often involves what? | The transformation of one form of energy to another |
| Energy flows through what? | ECOSYSTEMS |
| ENERGY USUALLY ENTERS ECOSYSTEMS AS WHAT? | SUNLIGHT |
| Energy usually exits ecosystems as what? | Heat |
| Things are constructed based on their what? | Function. For example, wheels are around so they can roll so they can move the vehicle |
| What is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life? | The cell |
| Living organisms are made up of what? | Cells |
| What characteristics do all cells share? | ° They're all enclosed by a membrane ° they all use DNA as genetic information |
| What are the two main forms of cells? | Prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
| Eukaryotic cells have what? | A membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and a nucleus that contains DNA |
| Prokaryotic cells have what? | DNA but no nucleus, a membrane |
| Cells contain what that are partly made of DNA? | Chromosomes |
| What is the main theme of biology? | Evolution |
| What explains diversity and unity of all living organisms on our planet? | Evolution |
| What are the two main processes of scientific inquiry that biology blends together? | ° Discovery science° hypothesis based science |
| At the heart of science is what? | Inquiry, which is a search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions |
| What is discovery science? | Describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data |
| What is hypothesis based science? | Inquiry that asks specific questions. Usually involves the proposing and testing of hypothetical explanations, or hypotheses |
| What is a hypothesis? | A tentative answer to a well framed question, an explanation on trial. Makes predictions that can be tested |
| What term means components aren't very different, but the way they are put together creates new or different properties? | Emergent properties |
| What term means reduces complex systems to simpler components? | Reductionism |
| What is energy conversion? | Energy transformation of one form of energy to another |
| Who does energy flow through in an ecosystem an example is a plant? This energy usually enters as sunlight | Producers |
| Who eats producers and there's a transfer of energy from one source to another example is humans and animals? | Consumers |
| Not all chemical energy is usable, some is in the form of what? | Heat energy |
| The way things are put together determines what? | Their function, or it is based on their function |
| What cannot have all living characteristics and properties of life? | Atoms and molecules |
Created by:
SarahRupp22
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