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Biology
Chapter 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where were viruses discovered? | tobacco plants/tobacco mosaic virus |
| Who discovered the disease causing nature of the juice from infected tobacco leaves? | Dimith Ivanhowsky |
| What did Martins Beijerinck determine? | that tiny particles were causing tobacco mosaic virus |
| What did matinus beijerinck call the particles? | viruses |
| What does virus mean? | latin word for poison |
| What is a virus? | a noncellular particle made up of a genetic material and protein that can invade living cell |
| Who discovered the nature of the virus | Wendell Stanely |
| What is the structure of a virus? | core of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, DNA or RNA, may contain several genes to several hundred genes |
| What is a bacteriophage? | a virus that invades bacteria |
| Does a virus have a complex structure or a simple? | complex |
| What is the structure of a bacteriophage? | it has a head region, composed of protein coat and nucleic acid and a tail region |
| What are the shapes of viruses? | rod shaped, tadpole shaped, helical shaped |
| What size are viruses? | 10-400 nanometers |
| What do viruses need to do to reproduce? | they must invade or infect a living cell |
| What is a lytic infection? | virus that cases the host to lyse or burst |
| How does a lytic infection infect a host cell? | Virus is activated nu cjamce contact with the right kind of host cell. 2- Attaches to surface of cell membrane. 3- Virus injects genetic material into the host cell. 4- host cells RNA polymerase makes viral mRNA. |
| ^continued | 5-viral mRNA shuts down the bacterial molecule and takes over the cell. 6- viral genes produces enzymes to destroy host cells DNA. 7- virus uses the material of the host cell to make protien coats for viral mRNA. 8- new viruses are assembled |
| ^^continued | 9-the infected cell lyses and releases 100s of virus particles |
| What is a lysogenic Infection? | viral DNA enters cell. 2-viral DNA is inserted into the host cells DNA. 3-DNA prophage will eventually become active. 4-Prophage will remove itself from the DNA of the host cell. 5-viral dna will direct synthesis of new virus particles |
| What is a prophage? | viral dna |
| What is viral DNA replicated with? | bacterial DNA |
| Can viral dna be helpful to the hostcell? | yes, it may add useful dna to the host cells DNA |
| What causes a prophage to become active? | temperature change or availability of nutrients |
| What is a retrovirus? | type of virus that contains RNA as its genetic info. |
| What is strange about retroviruses? | genetic material is copied backwards. Produces DNA from RNA genes |
| What does a retrovirus act like? | a prophage |
| What is retroviruses responsible for? | cancers like HIV virus that causes aids |
| What do viruses depend on their host for? | respiration, nutrition, and all other fuctions that occur in living things |
| What is a parasite? | an organism that depends entirely upon another living organism for its exsistance in such a way that harms that organism |
| Are viruses alive? | no because they are not made up of cells and are not able to live independently |
| Why are viruses important in genetic research? | because we can study their genes |
| What may have viruses evolved from? | the genetic material of living cells |
| What are prokaryotes? | smallest cell, doesnt contain a nucleus |
| Where do prokayotes exist? | almost everywhere on earth |
| What are the two types of prokaryotes? | eubacteria, and archaebacteria |
| What is bacteria? | one celled prokaryotes |
| What is the size of a bacteria? | 1-10 micrometer |
| What is the size of eukaryotic cells? | 10-100 micrometer |
| Where is the dna found in bacteria? | a single circular dna molecule in the cytoplasm |
| What is eubacteria? | true bacteria and is the larger prokaryotic kingdom |
| What is the structure of eubacteria? | surounded by a cell wall composed of complex carbs, within cell wall is cell membrane that surround the cytoplasm. |
| What is something only some eubacteria have? | flagella that protrude from the membrane through the cell wall used for movement |
| Some bacteria: | live in soil, infect larger organisms and produce disease, simple and contain few internal and some have complex systems of internal structures |
| What is cyanobacteria? | blue-green bacteria, photosynthetic |
| What did cyanobacteria used to be called? | algae |
| Are all cyanobacteria blue green? | no only few are, they contain chlorophyll a |
| Where are cyanobacteria found? | fresh water, salt water, land, hot springs, artic |
| What is prochlorobacteria? | newly discovered bacteria that contains chlorophyll a + b |
| What archaebateria? | ancient bacteria that lacts important carb found in cell wall of all eubacteria |
| What is different in archaebacteria and eubacteria? | archaebacteria has different lipids, ribosomes and gene sequences |
| Where do archaebacteria live? | harsh enviornment |
| What are methanogens? | they produce methane gas, live in oxygen free enviornment, thick mud and digestive tracks of animals |
| What do archaebacteria resemble? | the first prokaryotes |
| What is one way to identify prokaryotes? | cell shapes |
| What are the 3 basic shapes of prokaryotes? | rod, sphere, spiral |
| What are rod shaped called? | bacilli |
| What are spherical called? | cocci |
| What are spiral called? | spirilla |
| What grows in colonies of 2 cells? | cocci example/streptoccocus, pheumoccous |
| What forms in large clusters or clumps or long chains? | staph |
| What is a second way to identify prokaryotes? | cell wall |
| What does the cell wall do? | protects bacteria, regulates movement of molecules in and out of cells |
| What is gram staining? | bacterial cells with a thick layer of protein molecules turned purple while bacterial cells with 2 layer outer lipid and carb molecules didnt turn purple |
| What is gram positive bacteria? | bacteria that turned purple |
| What is gram negative bacteria? | bacteria that didnt turn purple and keeps out drugs used to fight bacteria |
| How do bacteria move? | flagella, lash, snake or spiral and some dont move at all |
| What is a phototropic autotroph? | bacteria that traps energy of a manner similar to green plants. example/phototrophic eubacteria |
| What is a chemotrophic autotroph? | bacteria that live in harsh enviornments and obtain energy from inorganic molecule example/hydrogen sulfide, nitrites, sulfur, iron |
| What are chemotrophic heterotrophs? | bacteria that obtains energy by taking in organic molecules and then breaking them down and absorbing them. examples/most bacteria and animals |
| What is samonella? | bacteria grows in food such as raw meat and release poison |
| What is a phototrophic heterotroph? | use sunlight for energy but need organic compound for nutrition |
| Bacterial Respiration: | energy is supplied by respiration and fermentation |
| What is an obligate aerobe | organisms that require a constant supply of oxygen in order to live |
| What is an obligate anaerobe? | organism that doesnt require oxygen and may be poisoned by it. example/clostroduim botulinum |
| what are toxins? | poison |
| What is facultative anerobes? | do not require oxygen but are not poisoned by it |
| What is binary fission? | when bacterium doubles it size, replicates DNA and divides in half into 2 daughter cells |
| What doesnt binary fission involve? | exchange or recombination of genetic info so it is a form of asexual reproduction |
| What is conjugation? | sexual reproduction in which a long bridge of protein forms between 2 bacterial cells, genetic infor transfers from one cell to another. Sexual because new combination of genes |
| What do bacteria form in difficult conditions? | pores |
| what is an endospore? | spore formed with bacterium that produces a thick internal wall that encloses the DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm |
| How long can an endospore last? | for years, resistant to heat |
| What foods do bacteria help produce? | cheese, yogurt, buttermilk,sour cream, pickles |
| What is symbiosis? | a close relationship with other organisms in which at least one organism or bacteria bennefit |
| How do bacteria recycle dead material? | they break it down (decompose) |
| What is a saprophyte? | an organism that use the complex molecules of once living organisms as their source of energy and nutrition |
| How does bacteria help sewage decomposition? | bacteria grow and break down the complex compounds in the sewage into simpler compounds. This produces purified water, nitrogen gas, and carbon dioxide. This stuff is used as fertilizer |
| what is nitrogen fixation? | cyanobacteria and other bacteria take nitrogen from the air and convert to a form plants can use |
| What is thiobacillus ferroxidans? | grows naturally in copper containing ore |
| What diseases are caused by viruses? | small pox, pollio, measles, aids, mumps, flu, yellow fever, rabies and the common cold |
| What is a vaccination? | injection that contains weakened or killed viruses that provide immunity to that disease but it only provides protection if used before and infection occurs |
| What are interferons? | small proteins produced by the bodies cells, they make it more difficult for the viruses to infect other cells |
| Only a few bacteria cause disease | Who showed that bacteria caused disease |
| Who showed that bacteria caused disease? | Louis Pastent |
| What diseases has bacteria caused | diptheria, tubercleosis, typhoid fever, tetanus, hansen diseasem syphilis, cholera and bubonic plague |
| What are the two ways bacteria may cause diseases? | may damage the cells and tissues of the organism dirctly by breaking down living cells. 2. Bacteria may release toxins that travel throughout the body interfereing with normal activity |
| What is sterilization? | controlling growth of bacteria by using great heat(boiling water) or chemical action (disinfectant) |
| Food processing? | stop bacteria by refridgeration |
| sterilize food by cooking it | high temps will kill bacteria |
| canning? | food must be placed immediatly in sterile jars |
| Foods can be treated with everyday chems | salt-salted meats, vinegar- pickled veggies, sugar-jams |
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lorelai91492
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