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MVCTC LPN CHAP. 46
MVCTC LPN LINTON CHAP. 46 MEETING GLUCOSE METABOLISM NEEDS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Exocrine Gland | produces digestive enzymes |
| Endocrine Gland | produces hormones in Islets of Langerhans |
| Alpha cells produce | glucagon |
| Beta cells produce | insulin |
| Delta cells produce | somatostatin |
| Diabetes | a chronic systemic metabolic disorder that involves improper metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins |
| Endogenous | produced internally or caused by internal factors |
| Exogenous | originating outside the body |
| Insulin | hormone for glucose metabolism |
| Glycemia | glucose in the blood |
| Eugylcemia | blood glucose within normal ranges |
| Hypoglycemia | blood gluclose level below normal ranges |
| Hyperglycemia | blood glucose level above normal ranges |
| Glycosuria | glucose in the urine |
| Ketone bodies | metabolic by products of fat metabolism |
| Ketonuria | ketones in the urine |
| Ketoacidosis | metabolic acidosis related to accumulated ketone bodies in the blood |
| Microvasular | related to small blood vessels |
| Macrovasular | related tolarge blood vessels |
| Nephropahty | pathological changes in the kidney |
| Neuropathy | pathological changes in the peripheral nervous system |
| Retinopathy | pathological changes in the retina of the eye |
| Hypoglycemia complications | shaking, tachycardia, sweating, dizziness, anxious, hunger, impaired vision, weakness/fatigue, headache, irritable |
| Hyperglycemia complications | extreme thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, hunger, blurred vision, drowsiness, decreased healing |
| Lipodystophy | abnormal metabolism or deposition of fats |
| Lipoatrophy | breakdown of subQ fat at injection site |
| Lipohypertrophy | build up of fibrous fat at injection site |
| Glycogenesis | conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver |
| Glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| Normal blood glucose levels before eating | 70 - 110 |
| Normal blood glucose levels after eating | 80 - 140 |
| Blood glucose level of < 50 mg/dl | hypoglycemia |
| Blood glucose level of 50 - 70 mg/dl | moderate hypoglycemia |
| Blood glucose level of > 200 mg/dl | hyperglycemia |
| Blood glucose level of > 300 mg/dl | diabetic ketoacidosis |
| Blood glucose level of > 600 mg/dl | hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma |
| Types of rapid-acting insulin | Insulin lispro (Humalog), Insulin aspart (NovoLog) |
| Types of short-acting insulin | Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R) |
| Types of intermediate-acting insulin | NPH insulin |
| Types of long-acting insulin | Ultralente insulin, Insulin Glargine (Lantus) |
| Types of inhaled rapid-acting, short-acting insulin | Insulin human rDNA origin (Exubera) |
| Types of clear insulin | Insulin lispro (Humalog), Insulin aspart (NovoLog), Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R), Insulin Glargine (Lantus) |
| Types of cloudy insulin | NPH insulin, Ultralente insulin |
| Type of insulin stored as powder in blister packs | Insulin human rDNA origin (Exubera) |
| Mixing insulin | clear to cloudy |
| 10% of people that develop Diabetes Mellitus develop this type | Type I |
| 90% of people that develop Dibetes Mellitus develop this type | Type II |
| Excessive urination to excrete excess glucose | polyuria |
| Excessive thirst D/T increased blood osmolality - physiologic dehydration | polydipsia |
| Excessive hunger due to cellular lack of glucose | polyphagia |
| What cells can use glucose without insulin | brain, kidney, heart muscle fibers, nerve, and exercising skeletal muscle cells |
| Fatty acids are the same as | ketones |
| Stimulate beta cells, increase use of insulin by target tissues, slow insulin breakdown by liver | sulfonylureas |
| Sulfonylureas | lower blood sugar by causing the pancreas to make more insulin |
| These drugs cause increased action of insulin on peripheral receptor sites, may increase # of receptors, does not effect beta cells, will not cause Wt. gain, will not cause hypoglycemia | biguanides |
| These drugs delay CHO/glucose absorption, do not cause hypoglycemia | alpha-glucosidase inhibitors |
| These drugs cause increased insulin sensitivity of cells, increase uptake in fat & muscle, decrease production by liver, do not cause hypoglycemia | thiazolidinediones |
| These drugs stimulate insulin secreation from pancreas, can cause hypoglycemia and wt. gain | meglitinides & D-phenylalanines |
| Opened insulin can be stored at room temp. for | up to one month |
| Onset | time required for the medication to have an initial effect |
| Peak | maximum effect |
| Duration | length of time agent remains active in the body |
| The average rate of insulin secreation in an adult is | 30 - 50 units per day |
| The pancreas secreates insulin at a steady rate of | 0.5 - 1 unit/hr. |
| In gestational diabetes, the amount of energy from the three macronutrients should be divided as | 40% fat, 20% protein, 40% carbohydrates |
| Increasing the fiber content of the diabetic diet tends to | decrease the blood glucose level |
| NIDDM | non-insulin dependent diabees mellitus |
| IDDM | insulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
| Somogyi phenomenon | characterized by rebound hyperglycemia occuring in response to hypoglycemia |
| Dawn phenomenon | people with diabetes who are insulin dependent experience an increase in fasting blood glucose levels between 5 and 9 AM that is not R/T a period of hypoglycemia |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis is kown to cause | Kussmaul's respirations (rapid and deep) |
| Autonomic Neuropathy will cause | an atonic bladder, in which the bladder capacity increases and eventually causes retention with overflow. |
| Diabetes is related to the metabolism of the two main fuels | carbohydrate and fat |
| Ketones | are caused by excessive fat breakdown |
Created by:
Kevint
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