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Bio 107 10 12 13 14
Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gregor Mendel | Documented inheritance through pea plants |
| Alleles | Alternative versions of a gene. Any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for heredity variation. |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms with a reference to a single trait, set of traits, or entire complex of traits. |
| Phenotype | An organisms appearance or observable traits. |
| Reciprocal Cross | Hybridization involving a pair of crosses that reverse the sexes associated with each genotype |
| True Breeding | A kind of breeding in which parents with a particular phenotype produce offspring only with the same phenotype. |
| Homozygous | Having identical pair of genes (alleles) for any given pair of heredity characteristics |
| Heterozygous | Having dissimilar pairs of genes for any hereditary characteristic |
| Dominant | Determines the organism's appearance |
| Recessive | Has no effect on the organism's apperance |
| First Filial Generation (F1) | Hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross |
| Second Filial Generation (F2) | The offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation |
| Parental Generation | True breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance (PARENTAL GENE) |
| Punnet Square | A handy diagrammatic device for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic make up |
| Test Cross | Breeding an organism that of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote |
| Mendel's First Law | Law of Segregation that states that two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes |
| Segregate | Separate from each other |
| Mendel's Second Law | Law of independent assortment which states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation |
| Law of Independent Assortment | States that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation |
| Monohybrid Cross | Cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or self pollination of a heterozygous plant) |
| Dihybrid Cross | Cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the self pollination of a plant the is heterozygous for both characters |
| Incomplete Dominance | The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotype of individuals homozygous for either allele |
| Codominance | The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways |
| Pleiotropy | The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. |
| Epistasis | A type of gene interaction in which the phenotype expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene |
| Polygenic Inheritance | An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character |
| Autosomal Trait | Any trait besides the sex trait |
| Sex-linked trait | A trait associated with a gene that is carried only by the male or female parent. |
| Recessive Genetic Disorders | A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene or by a chromosomal aberration. Also called hereditary disease, inherited disorder. |
| Dominant Genetic Disorders | If one affected parent has a disease-causing gene that dominates its normal counterpart, each child in the family has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease-causing gene and the disorder. |
| Multifactorial Disorders | Multifactorial traits result from the interaction of one or more environmental factors and two or more genes |
| Genome | Cells endowment of DNA |
| Chromosome | Any of several threadlike bodies, consisting of chromatin, that carry the genes in a linear order: the human species has 23 pairs, designated 1 to 22 in order of decreasing size and X and Y for the female and male sex chromosomes respectively. |
| Chromatin | the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus, consisting of DNA, RNA, and various proteins, that forms chromosomes during cell division. |
| Somatic Cells | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors |
| Gametes | a mature sexual reproductive cell, as a sperm or egg, that unites with another cell to form a new organism. |
| Centromere | the dense nonstaining region of a chromosome that attaches it to the spindle during mitosis |
| Chromatid | Either of the two strands into which a chromosome divides during mitosis. They separate to form daughter chromosomes at anaphase |
| Mitosis | the usual method of cell division, characterized typically by the resolving of the chromatin of the nucleus into a threadlike form |
| Cytokinesis | the division of the cell cytoplasm that usually follows mitotic or meiotic division of the nucleus. |
| Interphase | the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions. |
| Cell Cycle | the cycle of growth and asexual reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase followed in actively dividing cells by prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
| G1 Phase | the first growth period of the cell cycle, during interphase, in which the cell grows and cytoplasmic organelles are replicated. |
| S Phase | the period of the cell cycle prior to mitosis, during which the chromosomes are replicated. |
| G2 Phase | the second growth period of the cell cycle, following DNA replication and preceding prophase, during which the cell forms the materials that make up the spindle. |
| Prophase | the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes. |
| Metaphase | the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle. |
| Anaphase | the stage in mitosis or meiosis following metaphase in which the daughter chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell. |
| Telophase | the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes. |
| Mitotic Spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis |
| Centrosome | a small region near the nucleus in the cell cytoplasm, containing the centrioles. |
| Aster | a structure formed in a cell during mitosis, composed of astral rays radiating about the centrosome. |
| Kinetochore | the place on either side of the centromere to which the spindle fibers are attached during cell division. |
| Binary Fission | asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms by division into two daughter cells |
| Cell Cycle Checkpoints | control mechanisms that ensure the fidelity of cell division in eukaryotic cells. |
| G0 Phase | A non dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly |
| Cancer | any disease characterized by such growths. |
| Transformation | The conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell |
| Tumor | an uncontrolled, abnormal, circumscribed growth of cells in any animal or plant tissue; neoplasm. |
| Benign Tumor | A tumor that does not metastasize or invade and destroy adjacent normal tissue |
| Malignant Tumor | A tumor that invades surrounding tissues, is usually capable of producing metastases, may recur after attempted removal, and is likely to cause death unless adequately treated. |
| Metastasis | the transference of disease-producing organisms or of malignant or cancerous cells to other parts of the body by way of the blood or lymphatic vessels or membranous surfaces. |
| Photosynthesis | the complex process by which carbon dioxide, water, and certain inorganic salts are converted into carbohydrates by green plants, algae, and certain bacteria, using energy from the sun and chlorophyll |
| Photoautotroph | any organism that derives its energy for food synthesis from light and is capable of using carbon dioxide as its principal source of carbon. |
| Chloroplast | a plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments, occurring in plants and algae that carry out photosynthesis |
| Chlorophyll | the green pigment of plants and photosynthetic algae and bacteria that traps the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis and exists in several forms, the most abundant being chlorophyll a |
| Stomata | an epidermal pore, present in large numbers in plant leaves, that controls the passage of gases into and out of a plant |
| Mesophyll Cell | |
| Thylakoids | Flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Used to convert light energy to chemical energy |
| Grana | A stacked membranous structure within the chloroplasts of plants and green algae that contains the chlorophyll and is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis. The saclike membranes that make up grana are known as thylakoids |
| Stroma | the supporting framework or matrix of a cell |
| Light Reactions | The 1st of 2 major stages in photosynthesis. These reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH releasing oxygen in the process |
| Calvin Cycle | a series of reactions, occurring during photosynthesis, in which glucose is synthesized from carbon dioxide |
| Light | Electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye |
| Photons | A quantum, or discrete quantity of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle |
| Pigments | any substance whose presence in the tissues or cells of animals or plants colors them. |
| Absorption Spectrum | Range of a pigments ability to absorb various wavelengths of light |
| Chlorophyll a | photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy |
| Chlorophyll b | An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll b |
| Carotenoids | An accesory pigment, either red or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis |
| Photosynthesis | the complex process by which carbon dioxide, water, and certain inorganic salts are converted into carbohydrates by green plants, algae, and certain bacteria, using energy from the sun and chlorophyll. |
| Reaction Center | Complex of proteins associated with a social pair of chlorophyll a molecules and primary electron acceptors |
| Light Harvesting Complex | Complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules that capture light energy and transfers it to to pigments |
| Photosystem II | light capture unit in in chloroplast thylakoid membranes in chlorophyll b |
| Photosystem I | 2 molecules of P700 chlorophyll a |
| Cyclic Electron Flow | Route of electron flow during light reactions of photosynthesis that involves photosystem and produces ATP |
| Chemiosmosis | |
| Mitochondria | Serves as the site of cellular respiration |
| Chloroplast | absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 to H2O |
| ATP Synthase | A complex of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron chain using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP |
| Carbon Fixation | initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by autotrophic organism |
| Rubisco | Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of calvin cycle |
| Reduction | Complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a reduction reacton |
| Regeneration | the restoration or new growth by an organism of organs, tissues, etc., that have been lost, removed, or injured. |
| Photorespiration | metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP releases CO2 and decrease photosynthetic output. |
| Gene | the basic physical unit of heredity; a linear sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions for synthesis of RNA, which, when translated into protein, leads to the expression of hereditary character. |
| Karyotype | the chromosomes of a cell, usually displayed as a systematized arrangement of chromosome pairs in descending order of size. |
| Homologous Chromosome | one of a pair of chromosomes that match up at meiosis and are identical in morphology and arrangement; a chromosome with the same gene sequence as another, each derived from one parent |
| Sex Chromosome | a chromosome, differing in shape or function from other chromosomes, that determines the sex of an individual. |
| Autosomes | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| Diploid | an organism or cell having double the basic haploid number of chromosomes. |
| Haploid | an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes, ordinarily half the normal diploid number. |
| Ovaries | the female gonad or reproductive gland, in which the ova and the hormones that regulate female secondary sex characteristics develop. |
| Testes | the male gonad or reproductive gland, either of two oval glands located in the scrotum |
| Fertilization | the union of male and female gametic nuclei. |
| Zygote | the cell produced by the union of two gametes, before it undergoes cleavage. |
| Meiosis | part of the process of gamete formation, consisting of chromosome conjugation and two cell divisions, in the course of which the diploid chromosome number becomes reduced to the haploid. |
| Meiosis I | The first division of a two stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell |
| Meiosis II | The second division of a two stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell |
| sister chromatids | Two copies of duplicated chromosomes attached to each other by proteins at the arms. |
| Synapsis | the pairing of homologous chromosomes, one from each parent, during early meiosis. |
| Crossing Over | the interchange of corresponding chromatid segments of homologous chromosomes with their linked genes. |
| Chiasmata | a point of overlap of paired chromatids at which fusion and exchange of genetic material take place during prophase of meiosis. |
| Independent Assortment | Each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; |
| Asexual Reproduction | Reproduction occurring without the sexual union of male and female gametes. |
| Sexual Reproduction | reproduction involving the fusion of a male and female haploid gamete |
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zselder
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