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Bio 107 Mitosis Meio
Meiosis Mitosis NOTES
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | converts solar energy to chemical energy |
| Chloroplast | place where photosynthesis happens --> organelles that are responsible for feeding vast majority of organisms |
| Chlorophyll | absorbs energy and drives synthesis of organic molecules in the chloroplast |
| Thylakoid | highly folded membrane creates inner and outer spaces of the cell |
| Stroma | dense fluid--> CO2 enters O2 exits |
| Photo | Light reactions --> makes energy --> ATP/NADPH |
| Synthesis | Uses energy --> uses up ATP --> makes organic molecules |
| Photosynthesis Equation | 6CO2 + 12H20 + Light Energy --> C6 H12 O6 + 6H20 |
| Light Reactions INPUT | Light Energy H20 ADP+P and NADP+ |
| Light Reactions OUTPUT | O2 ATP NADPH |
| Calvin Cycle INPUT | ATP NADPH CO2 |
| Calvin Cycle OUTPUT | Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (3 carbon) ADP+P NADP+ |
| Photo systems | embedded in the thylakoid system --> do light harvesting complex and Reaction center |
| Light harvesting complex | chlorophyll molecules --> harvest light energy (function) --> energy transferred through perphyiem ring (photosystems) |
| Reaction Center | Splits H20 and harvests electrons (photosystems) |
| Light Reaction Steps | Photosystems II Electron transport chain Photosystem I Electron Shuttle Calvin Cycle |
| Photosystem II | Harvest light energy Splits H2O for electrons Enegerizes those electrons |
| Electron Transport chain | Makes ATP Connects photosystem II & I Chemiosmosis |
| Photosystem I | Does not split H2O Harvest light energy Energizes electrons |
| Electron Shuttle | Moves electrons of photosystems to Calvin cycle Makes NADPH |
| Calvin Cycle | regenerates its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle Cycle builds sugar for smaller molecules by using ATP and reduction power of electrons carried by NADPH Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
| Cyclic Electron Flow | electrons getting sent backwards to the electron transport cahin to make more ATP |
| Calvin Cycle (synthesis) | 1 carbon fixation > enzyme rubisco adds CO2 to sugars 2 Reduction > Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is made 3 Regeneration > Remakes starting 5 carbon sugars |
| 4 stages of mitosis | Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
| Mitosis | Clone Cell division |
| Mitosis Functions | 1> Repair and generation 2> Growth and development 3> Reproduction of single cells |
| Genome | Organized into chromosomes Cells endowment of DNA |
| Gametes | Reproductive cells which is one copy of each chromosome |
| Somatic cell | Building cells 2versions of each chromosomes (Makes geneoms) |
| Chromatin | complexity of DNA and protein |
| Prophase (Mitosis) | Chromosomes condense and become visible Nuclear membrane breaks down Nucleoli vanish Mitotic spindle begins to form |
| Metaphase (Mitosis) | Chromosomes line up on the center line of the cell Centromere duplicate Spindle fibers attach to centromeres |
| Anaphase (Mitosis) | Sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell Spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart of centromeres |
| Telophase (Mitosis) | Nuclei begin to form Chromosomes return to interphase states Cytokinesis occurs |
| Centromere | Attachment point for spindle fibers Function: Chromosome movement |
| Kineticore | center of all movement |
| Cytokinesis | Splitting of the cell |
| Binary Fission | Mitosis for reproduction for single celled organisms |
| Cell Cycle Steps | G1> cell stops division S> synthesis (combining) G2> second gap M> Mitosis |
| Cancer | Genetic disease that happens in the cell cycle Changes in genes Multiple mutations Uncontrolled cell division (transforms cells) |
| Cell division results in identical daughter cells | Cells duplicate their genetic material before they divide The cell allocates the 2 copies of DNA to opposite ends of the cell and then splits into daughter cells |
| Chromosome number | Every Eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes 2 types: 1> somatic- have two copies of each chromosome 2>gametes- has half the chromosomes as somatic cells |
| Mitotic Spindle | Consists of microtubules that control chromosome movement in mitosis The spindle assembles at the centrosome, the microtubule organizing center |
| Aster | radial array of short microtubules |
| Cytokinesis differences in plant and animal cells | Animal Cells: cytokinesis occurs by a process known as clevage, forming clevage furrow Plant Cells: Cell plate forms during cytokinesis |
| Binary Fission | Prokaryotes reproduce by a type of cell division Essential for mitosis in bacterial cells |
| Evolution in Mitosis | Since prokaryotes appeared before eukaryotes, mitosis is evolved from Binary fission Certain protists exhibit types of cell division that seem intermediate between binary fission and mitosis |
| Cell Cycle control | The cycle has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go ahead signal is sent. |
| G1 checkpoint | The most important for a cell If the cell receives a go ahead signal, it completes the S1 G2 and M phases before splitting |
| G0 Phase | If the cell does not receive the go ahead signal, it will exit the cycle, switching into a non dividing state |
Created by:
zselder
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