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BIO 201 Third Test
Human Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Test #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the 4 characteristics of muscle tissue - These characteristics are shared by all cells, but highly developed in muscle fibers | Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity, Irritability |
| Shortening to produce mobility (active) | Contractility |
| Can be stretched; (passive) | Extensibility |
| Return to original shape; (passive) | Elasticity |
| Responsive to stimuli; capable of action potentials | Irritability |
| _____ _____ makes up 40 to 50% of body weight - _________ alone approximately 40% | Muscle Tissue; Skeletal |
| Functions of the muscular system include what 3 things? | Movement, Posture, Thermoregulation |
| First and foremost function of the muscular system. (reflex and voluntary skeletal movements, visceral movements, blood movements, etc) | Movement |
| This muscular function refers to internal tone of hollow organs | Posture (position) Maintenance & Tone |
| This muscle function includes thermogenesis - especially in skeletal muscle because of abundance and shivering | Thermoregulation |
| Heat production | Thermogenesis |
| Organism that maintains a relatively constant body tempature | Endotherm |
| Has large shifts in body temperature; due to external environment | Ectotherm |
| 3 types of muscles | Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth |
| This muscle type contracts on own (autorhythmic); striated, uninucleate with nucleus centrally located; blunt-ended fibers; intercalated disks | Cardiac |
| This muscle type has large, cylindrical fibers; striated; multinucleate with nuclei perpheral; NOT autorhythmic (must be stimulated to contract) | Skeletal |
| This muscle type has small, cylindrical fibers that taper at end; uninucleate; NOT striated; mostly autorhythmic | Smooth |
| Skeletal muscle tissue forms from which type of stem cell? | Mesoderm |
| Mesodermal cells differentiate into what type of production cell? | Myoblasts |
| Cells that fuse to make a cylinder-shaped skeletal muscle fiber which is a synctium (multinucleated) | Myoblasts |
| What 4 things do skeletal muscle organs consist of? | Skeletal Muscle Tissue, Connective Tissue, Nervous Tissue, Vascular Supply |
| Organized in bundles of parallel fibers called fascicles (fasciculi); these fibers are segregated but connected | Skeletal Muscle Tissue |
| These are structural units of muscle organ | Fascicles |
| Binds skeletal muscle fibers together | Connective Tissue |
| Three parts of skeletal muscle organ connective tissue | Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium |
| Covering around while muscle organ (also called muscle fascia) | Epimysium |
| Surrounds fascicle (fasciculus) | Perimysium |
| Surrounds skeletal muscle fiber | Endomysium |
| Neurons to stimulate muscle to contract (moto neurons); also small number of sensory neurons and receptors | Nervous Tissue |
| Functional units of muscle organ | Motor Units |
| Chain reaction of Skeletal Nervous Tissue | 1 skeletal neuron + skeletal muscle fibers stimulated by neuron (variable in number from 2 - 3 in muscles that control fine movements such as eye or hand muscles; up to 500 - 1000 in large abdominal or leg muscles) |
| Has 1 end artery and 2 or moreveins plus arterioles, capillary beds, and venules in between - additionally lymphatics to recover fluid lost from cardiovascular system | Vascular Supply |
| Underlies the skin, anchors the skin underneath the superficial fascia | Deep Fascia |
| This part of deep fascia reach down to separate organs into compartments keeping them in place, but making contractions more efficient | Collagenous Fibers |
| Elongated, taperd at ends, large (usually 1 - 40mm long, maybe up to 30cm, but only 0.01 - 0.1mm wide) | Skeletal Muscle Fiber |
| 8 parts of skeletal muscle fiber | Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasm, Nuclei, Mitochondria, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Terminal Cisternae, Transverse Tubules, Myofibrils |
| Cell membrane of skeletal muscle fiber (bounding membrane); came from multiple cells | Sarcolemma |
| Cytoplasm inside fiber (also from multiple cells orginally) | Sarcoplasm |
| Located at the edge of cell (peripheral) | Nuclei |
| "Powerhouse" of cells; abdundant; necessary for ATPs | Mitochondria |
| Membranous sacs or tubules running longitudinally, parallel to long axis of muscle fiber | Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
| Explanded ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium is stored here when the muscle fiber is at rest | Terminal Cisternae |
| Run across long axis of fiber; continuous with sarcolemma (without two terminal cisternae, forms triad) | Transverse Tubules (T-tubules) |
| Threads that run parallel to muscle; shorten to cause skeletal muscle fiber to shorten | Myofibrils |
| Structural sub-units of myofibrils (do NOT shorten) | Myofilaments |
| Functional sub-units of myofibrils (DO shorten) | Sarcomeres |
| Two types of filaments that make up myofilaments | Thick (Myosin) Filaments & Thin (Actin) Filaments |
| Composed of 300-400 protein molecules (myosin molecules); fibrous portion forms rods, heads project laterally to form cross bridges during contraction | Thick (myosin) Filaments |
| Head Binding Sites | ATP & Actin |
| Overlap thick filaments; composed of actin and troponin; tropomyosin complex | Thin (Actin) Filaments |
| Globular form of protein; each has binding site for myosin | G-Actin |
| Chain of G-Actin molecules | F-Actin |
| Two strands of F-Actin twist around each other to form what? | Core of Thin Filament |
| These are proteins that help regulate interaction between actin and myosin molecules by blocking myosin binding site on G-Actins. Calcium binds to this | Troponin - Tropomyosin Complex |
| Thick and thin filaments arranged uniquely along length of myofibril. Thick filaments are in middle; thin filaments are projected toward center of sarcomere and overlap thick filaments. A&I bands cause striated appearance of fibers | Sarcomere Composition |
| Represent area of dense material separating adjacent sarcomeres and anchoring thick and thin filaments; T-Tubules enter here | Z-Lines (Z-Disks) |
| Represents dense area containing thick filaments (stay the same length); appears dark | A-Band |
| The light areas of a sarcomere (containing thin filament only) on either side of A-Band are what? | I-Bands (Isotrophic Bands) |
| How are I-Bands positioned? | One I-Band overlaps two adjacent sarcomeres. Half of each I-Band on each side of sarcomere |
| Area in middle of A-Band; represents area of thick filaments that don't overlap thin filaments; Shortens during movement | H-Zone |
| During contraction thin filaments slide up on each end over the thick filaments, causing the I-Band to get small and H-Zone to disappear. Example: Arms sliding over one another | Sliding Filament Theory |
| Type of synapose (contact between neuron and structure it controls) Excitatory contracts! Skeletal muscle fibers must be stimulated to contract | Skeletal Neuromuscular (Myoneural) Junction |
| Threadlike process of neurons | Axon |
| Branches of axon that come into close contact with a portion of sarcolemma of muscle fiber | Terminal Branch (Axon Branch) |
| Expanded ending of terminal branch | Presynaptic Terminal (Synaptic Knob) |
| Neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle; found in synaptic vesicles of terminals | Acetylcholine |
| Space between terminal and postsynaptic membrane (specialized in folding of sarcolemma) | Synaptic Cleft (Synaptic Gap) |
| This allows for binding of acetylcholine- located on postsynaptic membrance | Receptors |
| ______ ____ and _______ do not touch; the gaps are always there. | Axon Membrane & Sarcolemma |
| Describe pre-existing conditions (when fiber is at rest) | Calcium ions are stored; tropomyosin is in the way of actin; ATP bound to myosin head making myosin head cock. |
| These are stored in the terminal cisternae of the muscle fiber | Calcium ions |
| This blocks the actin from interacting with the myosin heads. Gets in the way of actin | Tropomyosin (Troponin Complex) |
| This has bound to myosin head and split, releasing energy that rotates head into cocked position; makes myosin head cock | ATP |
| Steps to start a contraction | Impulse travels down axon causes exocytosis; acetylcholine released, diffuses, attaches to receptor; reverse binding produces electrical wave, goes down T-tubules open channels for calcium; binds w/ troponin, exposes myosin binding site; ATP binds w/ head |
| To stop a contraction | Stop releasing acetylcholine; calcium is reabsorbed, causing troponin to go back into place, blocking myosin and actin; Due to elastic elements, thin filaments return to original position |
| What are the 5 types of contractions? | Twitch, Tone, Isometric, Isotonic & Tetanus |
| Single jerky contraction in response to a single threshold or greater stimulation. Muscle fiber's basic contraction - rare in muscle organ | Twitch |
| Recording of a muscular contraction | Myogram |
| From when you apply stimulus to beginning of shortening | Latent/Lag Phase |
| Actual shortening; from first "power-stroke" to last "power-stroke" | Contraction Phase |
| Returning to normal length; to "put up calcium" | Relaxation/Recovery Phase |
| Least amount of stimulus needed to elicit a contraction; "minimum" amount needed | Threshold Stimulation |
| No contraction at this threshold | Subthreshold Stimulation |
| Produce same contraction as threshold for one motor unit; "supposed to be identical" | Suprathreshold Stimulation |
| ______, _____, and ______ stimulation applies to muscle organs, NOT MUSCLE FIBERS | Maximal, Submaximal, and Supramaximal |
| Fibers operate under the ____ __ _____ principle | All or None (nothing) |
| If a skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated sufficiently to contract, it will contract maximally under prevailing metabolic conditions. Insufficient stimulation = NO contraction AT ALL! | All or None Principle |
| Skeletal muscle organs can contract with varying strength depending on the load/stretch of muscle, recruitment, etc... | Graded Strength Principle |
| If you want a stronger contraction, use more motor units. "Asking for assistance from more motor units" | Recruitment |
| Period when muscle fiber is unresponsive (completely or partially) | Refractory Period |
| Lasts thru latent period into contraction period. No stimulus of any strength causes a second contraction | Absolute Refractory Period |
| Can apply suprathreshold stimuli and elicit a second contraction; occurs after absolute refractory period | Relative Refractory Period |
| Administer stimuli of equal strength at each interval to allow complete relaxation with no rest between contractions; shows increasing strength to plateau level | Treppe |
| Two explanations of Treppe | 1. An increase in availability of calcium ions during contractions 2. Temperature is increased |
| Connection of muscle organs to the bone, also some present in muscle fibers (titin filaments) | Series Elastic Elements |
| Sustained contractions where there is partial or no recovery between contractions; used for everyday activities | Tetanus (tetany, tetanic contractions) |
| Partial recovery in tetanus | Incomplete (Unfused) Tetanus |
| No recovery in tetanus | Complete (Fused) Tetanus |
| Frequency of stimulation needed to produce complete tetanus. Stimulation so fast, no recovery. | Fusion Frequency |
| Increased strength of contraction in tetanus | Wave Summation (Multiple Wave Summation) |
| Partial contraction in skeletal muscle organs that result in normal resting tension. Cannot be muscle fiber, only muscle organ (Keyword Partial) | Tonus |
| _______ is produced by stimulating enough motor units to cause tension, but no effective movement | Tonus |
| Three reasons for tonus | Postural Necessity, Prevents Atrophy, Possible Prewarming Effect |
| Tone remains the same, muscle changes length. Picking something up and putting it down | Isotonic (iso - same, tonus - tension) |
| Length decreases | Concentric |
| Length increases | Eccentric |
| Same length; tension is increased no shortening. Example: holding plank | Isometric |
| ATP is needed for muscle contractions. Stored ATP lasts 5-15 seconds. (ATP ~ ADP+P, releasing energy) | Energy Utilization |
| High energy compound that is added to ADP to make ATP. | Creatine Phosphate |
| Creatine phosphate relationship equation | Creatine Phosphate + ADP ~~ ATP + Creatine |
| _______ can be stored at a higher level than ATP - up to 30-60 seconds worth (only 15-30 seconds at maximal use) | Creatine |
| These require breakdown of glucose - small number of ATPs produced, but do produce pyruvic acid that is converted to acetyl groups that enter aerobic pathways. | Glycolytic (Anaerobic Respiratory Pathways) |
| Under this condition, main pathway requires conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid; causes oxygen debt (suitable for only one to a few minutes at maximum utilization) | Anaerobic Conditions |
| Glycolysis necessary for raw materials - requires oxygen. Much greater production of ATPs - More efficient. Glucose molecules generated by breakdown of glycogen. Fats also available for continued metabolism | Oxidative (Aerobic Respiratory) Pathways |
| Due to _______ construction, _________ tension develops at near normal resting length (about 110%) - great decrease in tension when contracted or stretched excessibely | Sarcomere, Maximum |
| Inability of muscle to perform | Fatigue |
| Three causes of fatigue | Psychological, ATP depletion or buildup of metabolites that interfere with ATP use (muscular fatigue), Acetylcholine Depletion (synaptic fatigue) |
| Three types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers | Slow Red, Fast Red, Fast White |
| Fibers that exhibit a slow twitch, contain myoglobin with good blood supply. Depend on aerobic respiratory pathways. Fatigue the least. Leg and abdominal plus postural muscles contain many of these. (dark meat) | Slow Red (Slow Oxidative) |
| Intermediate fast twitches, more sarcoplasmic reticulum, good blood supply and myoglobin. Fatigue slow - aerobic. Dark meat | Fast Red (Fast Oxidative) |
| Fast twitch contractions. Not good blood supply; light in color (white meat); Limited to glycolytic pathways during contractions. Easy to fatigue. Abundant in eye and finger muscles. | Fast White (Fast Glycolytic) |
| Skeletal Muscle Organs - Principles of Gross Structure 3 Parts | Origin, Insertion, Belly (Gaster) |
| Connection to part that doesn't move when muscle contracts | Origin |
| Connection to part that moves when muscle contracts | Insertion |
| Portion between the tendons of the origin and insertion | Belly (Gaster) |
| Tendons and aponeuroses | Series Elastic Elements |
| One muscle that provides the majority of force needed for given action | Prime Mover (Agonist) |
| Muscle with opposite action of agonist; Must relax to allow agonist action | Antagonist |
| Muscle(s) which aid the prime mover | Synergists |
| Must contract to fix a skeletal element to which an agonist attaches - type of synergist in broad sense. Example: Scapula | Fixators |
| How we arrange fascicles of muscles (within given fascicles, fibers usually parallel) | Muscle Architecture (Fascicular Arrangement) |
| What are the 4 types of muscular architecture? | Parallel (Straight), Pennate, Convergent, Circular |
| This muscular architecture type gives better range of motion; fusiform is modification with larger belly; increases strength, but still good ROM. Long fibers, but not as many | Parallel (Straight) |
| This muscle architecture type gives better strength (more fibers) unipennate, bipennate, multipennate (Deltoid) | Pennate |
| This muscle architecture type is fan-shaped (deltoid, pecs) | Convergent |
| This muscle architecture type is orbicular. Sphincters | Circular |
| Strength of muscle is due to this | Number of muscle fibers |
| ________ of a muscle is based on length; maximum excursion equal to roughly half total length. Can't have maximum excursion and maximum strength together | ROM |
| Mechanical advantage gained by a lever | Leverage |
| Has fulcrum in middle of effort (force) and resistance (weight) | Class I |
| Has fulcrum at end, resistance (weight) in middle and force at other end. | Class II |
| Has fulcrum at end, force in middle and resistance at other end. Closer force is to fulcrum, gives more range, but not as much strength | Class III |
| Fulcrum = | Joint |
| Lever = | Bones |
| Resistance = | Body Part (with any added weight) |
| Force = | Muscle Contraction |
| Origin: Thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum & Ilium, lower 4 ribs Insertion: Humerus Action: Extends and adducts arm, draws shoulder downward and backward | Latissimus Dorsi |
| Origin: Scapula Insertion: Radius Action: Flexes Forearm | Biceps Brachii |
| Origin: Humerus Insertion: Ulna Action: Flexes Forearm | Brachialis |
| Origin: Scapula and Humerus Insertion: Ulna Action: Extends Forearm | Triceps Brachii |
| Origin: Ilaiac Crest, Sacrum, Coccyx Insertion: Ilitibial Tract Action: Extends and rotates thigh laterally | Gluteus Maximus |
| Origin: Pubis and Ischium Insertion: Femur Action: Adducts thigh | Adductor Magnus |
| Origin: Ilium Insertion: Patella and Tibia Action: Extend leg, Flex thigh | Rectus Femoris |
| Origin: Femur Insertion: Tibia and Patella Action: Extend Leg | Vastus Lateralis |
| Origin: Femur Insertion: Tibia and Patella Action: Extend Leg | Vastus Medialis |
| Origin: Ischium and Femur Insertion: Fibula and Tibua Action: Flexes leg and extends thigh | Biceps Femoris |
| Origin: Femur and Capsule of Knee Insertion: Calcaneus Action Plantar Flexes Foot | Gastrochemius |
| Origin: Tibia Insertion: Metatarsal and Tarsal Action: Dorsiflexes Foot | Tibialis Anterior |
| Origin: Muscle Fibers Surrounding Opening of Mouth Insertion: Skin at Corner of Mouth Action: Closes or puckers lips | Orbicularis Oris |
| Origin: Medial Wall or Orbit Insertion: Circular Path around Orbit Action: Closes Eye | Orbicularis Oculi |
| Origin: Maxilla and Zygomatic Arch Insertion: Mandible Action: Elevates Mandible | Masseter |
| Origin: Temporal Bones Insertion: Coronoid Process of Mandible Action: Elevates Mandible | Temporalis |
| Origin: Sternum and Clavicle Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone Action: Rotates head medially while flexing head | Sternocleidomastoid |
| Origin: Pubis Insertion: Cartilage of 5th and 7th ribs and xiphoid process Action: Flexes vertebral column; Compresses Abdomen | Rectus Abdominus |
| Origin: Lower 8 Ribs Insertion: Iliac Crest Action: Compresses Abdomen | External Oblique |
| Origin: Upper 8 or 9 ribs Insertion: Scapula Action: Rotates Scapula laterally or Elevates Ribs | Serratus Anterior |
| Origin: Occipital bone and thoracic & Cervical vertebrae Insertion: Clavicle and Scapula Action: Elevates clavicle, adducts scapula, elevates or depresses scapula, and extends head | Trapezius |
| Origin: Clavicle, sternum, cartilages of 2nd to 6th ribs Insertion: Humerus Action: Flexes and adducts arm | Pectoralis Major |
| Origin: Clavicle and Scapula Insertion: Humerus Action: Abducts Arm | Deltoid |
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ashval2001
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