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DNA,RNA & proteins

DNA, RNA and proteins

TermDefinitionhint/example
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) the genetic/inheritance molecule of life Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid
ribonucleic acid (RNA) a nucleic acid responsible for carrying out the instructions of the DNA within a cell Ribo Nucleic Acid
protein the product of the RNA carrying out the instructions of the DNA
deoxyribose the sugar of DNA "-ose" a suffix for sugars think D for DNA
phosphate a molecule that is part of the 'backbone' structure of DNA and RNA
nucleotide a building block (monomer) of DNA and RNA - made up of a phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base think 'nucleo', think nucleus where the DNA is found
double helix the 3 dimensional shape of the double stranded DNA molecule a double helix looks like a 'twisted latter'
complementary within the structure of the DNA molecule, the nucleotides bond to a different nucleotide that it 'fits' with - or complements
ribose the sugar of RNA "-ose" is a suffix for sugars think R for RNA
nitrogenous base the part of the nucleotide structure that makes it unique from other nucleotides - there are 5 different nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
DNA polymerases any one of a number of enzymes needed to make new DNA molecules (from other 'parent' DNA molecules) DNA is a polymer, therefore nucleotides are assembled by polymerases
DNA helicase an enzyme that break the hydrogen bonds bonding the nitrogenous bases of the DNA double helix think helicase, think helix
RNA polymerases any one of a number of enzymes needed to make RNA molecules from DNA (templates) RNA is a polymer, therefore nucleotides are assembled by polymerases
transcription the process by which an RNA (messenger) molecule is made from a gene (DNA)
translation the process by which the information on (messenger) RNA is used to make a chain of amino acids (protein) - occurs at ribosomes the ribosome 'translates' the information on the (messenger) RNA
frameshift mutation a mutation in which a nucleotide of a DNA molecule (gene) is added or removed - thus changing 3 nucleotide sequence of that gene the mutation shifts the 3 nucleotide frames of the DNA
point mutation a mutation in which a nucleotide of a DNA molecule (gene) is replaced by a different nucleotide - thus not changing the 3 nucleotide sequence of that gene you can 'point' to a single mutation
Created by: mrjaeckels
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