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genetics and meiosis

TermDefinitionHint/Example
zygote the single celled product of the union of an egg and sperm (or other gametes)
gametes a cell responsible for sexual reproduction, have only 1/2 of an organism's genetic material (DNA) eggs and sperm
crossing over the process by which two homologous chromatids exchange pieces of genetic information (DNA) equally the chromatids 'cross over' one another during this process
independent assortment the process by which pairs of chromosomes 'line up' randomly during the first metaphase of meiosis, creates genetic diversity of gametes produced to 'sort' independently or without any reason
random fertilization the process by which any gamete can fertilize any other gamete, for example any sperm fertilizing an egg
meiosis the process by which gametes are produced from a parent cell
alleles any of many possible versions of gene
generation the combination of offspring produced from parents of a similar age
genotype the allele combination of any gene for an individual the 'gene' type
phenotype the trait expressed due to the allele combination for a gene (the genotype) think 'ph' for photo or what we see
homozygous a genotype that has two of the same alleles whether they are recessive or dominant "homo-" means the same
heterozygous a genotype that has two different alleles for that gene "hetero-" means different
monohybrid cross the examination of the offspring genotype and phenotype possibilities for one gene "mono-" means one a hybrid is a combination of two (parents)
dihybrid cross the examination of the offspring genotype and phenotype possibilities for two genes at the same time "di-" means two a hybrid is a combination of two (parents)
dominant the allele (of a gene) that expresses itself in the presence of the recessive gene
recessive the allele (of a gene) that does not express itself in the presence of the dominant gene
probability how likely it is that an event occurs given specific circumstances
inheritance to acquire a trait from parents
Punnett square a tool used to determine the possible genotype (and phenotype) possibilities passed from parent to offspring - based upon possible gamete genotype combinations
pedigree the genetic history of past generations of a family - used to determine the probability that a family member will inherit any genetic trait
sex-linked a gene that is found on a sex chromosome - usually the X chromosome think seX and X chromosome
incomplete dominance a genetic pattern of inheritance in which the dominant and recessive allele (if found together on a genotype) are expressed as a blended phenotype the dominant allele does not fully express itself, it is incomplete
codominance a genetic pattern of inheritance in which two dominant alleles (if found together on a genotype) are expressed equally and separately "co-" means together or equal
polygenic a genetic pattern of inheritance in which two or more genes determine one trait "poly-" means many 'many' genes
multiple allele trait a genetic pattern of inheritance in which multiple alleles are present within a population - many genotype combinations are therefore possible
trait the observable expression of a gene
trisomy a condition in which a cell has three of any chromosome, an abnormal condition "tri-" means three
monosomy a condition in which a cell has only one of any autosome, an abnormal condition "mono-" means one
haploid any cell that has only one copy of each chromosome think HAlf for haploid, half of the number of chromosomes
diploid any cell that has two copies of each chromosome "di-" means two
autosomes chromosomes that do not genetically determine gender
sex chromosomes chromosomes that genetically determine gender X and Y in humans
karyotype a picture of a cell's chromosomes used to diagnose problems
Created by: mrjaeckels
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