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Exam #3 A & P
Chapters 10, 11, 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neuron | most important of transmitting electrical signals, non-mitotic, don't replicate self when injured |
| 3 parts of a Neuron | Dendrites, cell body, axon |
| Dendrites | tree like structures that receive signals from other neurons, and transfers them to the cell body. |
| Cell body | Contain Nucleus, Gets signal from dendrites, decides which ones it wants to send to the axon |
| Axon | long extensions that carry signals away from cell body, has branches that form axon terminals; in which chemical transmitters are stored |
| What are the 3 unique structures of the axon terminal? | Myelin sheath, neurilemma, nodes of ranvier |
| Myelin sheath | layer of fatty white tissue, protects and insulates axon |
| In peripheral nervous system the myelin sheath is created by which type of cell? | Schwann Cells |
| In the central nervous system, myelin sheath is created by which type of cell? | Oligodendrocytes (glia cell) |
| Oligodendrocytes | produce myelin sheath for neurons in CNS |
| Nodes of Ranvier | axonal areas not covered by myelin, appear at regular intervals along myelinated axon |
| Why does the Synaptic cleft exist? | space exist because the axon terminal of neuron A does not touch the dendrites of neuron B. |
| Synaptic Cleft | Space between 2 neurons |
| What happens during a synapse? | Information from Neuron A has been transmitted by chemicals Ach to Neuron B |
| What is the purpose of the Synapse? | it helps information move from neuron to the next |
| Events at the synapse Step #1 | Nerve impulse travels along neuron A to its axon terminal. |
| Events at the synapse Step #2 | Nerve impulse causes vesicles (neurotransmitters) to fuse w/ membrane of axon terminal. Vesicles open & release Neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft. |
| Events at the synapse Step #3 | Neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft to bind w/ receptor site (changing membrane potential of dendrite)-causing a nerve impulse. |
| Events at the synapse Step #4 | Electrical information travels toward the cell body & axon of neuron B. |
| Four areas of the brain.... | cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum |
| Cerebrum | largest part of the brain, divided into r/l hemispheres, allows us to perform higher mental tasks such as learning, reasoning, language, memory. Has 4 lobes. made up of convulsions or gyri, Sulci and fissures separate the cerebrum into lobes |
| What are the four parts of Cerebrum? | Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal |
| What does the Frontal Lobe control? | motor, personality,behavior, emotion, intellect, memory storage, (executive functions)—learning, thinking, planning. & memory storage. Plays key role in motor speech. |
| Contains primary motor area (cortex)—nerve impulses here control voluntary muscle movement. | Frontal Lobe |
| Patrietal Lobe | Somatosensory area (especially from skin and muscles, taste speech, reading), located behind central sulcrus. |
| primary concern is to receive signals from the body. Allows you to fell temperature, pain, light touch, and proprioception ( | Parietal Lobe |
| Occipital Lobe | , vision-related reflexes & functions (reading, judging distances, seeing in 3 dimensions). Located in back of head, contains the visual cortex |
| Temporal Lobe | : Hearing (Auditory area), smell (olfactory area), taste, memory storage, part of speech area. |
| Wernicke's Area | broad region, located in temporal & parietal lobe, concerned w/ translating thoughts into words. Damage to this area comes from alcohol abuse-resulting in severe deficits in language comprehension. |
| Speech area | : located in temporal , occipital, and parietal lobe. Located in left hemisphere, allows you to understand words |
| When thought are put together, what part of the brain enables you to speak? | -brocas area directs muscles of larynx, tongue, cheeks, lips to speak. |
| Diencephalon | located beneath cerebrum and above brain stem |
| Basil Nuceli | help regulate body movement & facial expressions. Dopamine is responsible for the activity of this. |
| What are the structures of the Diencephalon? | Thalmus and Hypothalmus |
| Thalmus | relay station for sensory fibers, center for most sensory info going to the cerebrum, gives hint for sensation |
| Hypothalmus | integrated system for ANS, directly below thalmus, regulate body temp, water balance, and metabolism, thirst, sex, appetite, pleasure/fear, regualte pituitary gland and control endocrine function |
| Pituitary Gland | Directly/Indirectly affects every hormone in the body, located under hyothalmus |
| Brain Stem | connect spinal cord w/ other brain structures, has 3 structures, relay tracts for sense info (white matter), has effect on Bp/respiration (gray matter) |
| What are the 3 structures of the brain stem? | Mid-brain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| Mid-Brains | relay station for sensory/motor info. contain nuclei which serve as a reflex function for vision and hearing |
| Pons | has tracts that tavel to brain structures, play a role in regualtion of breathing rate, and rhythm |
| Medulla Oblongata | contain nuclei that control heart rate, bp, respiration, also called the vital center--coughing, sneezing, vommitting, swallowing |
| Cerebellum | maintain balance and muscle tone, coordinates voluntary muscle activity. |
| Cerebellum | Integrate incomiong info. to produce smooth muscle response, damage causes jerky muscle movements--staggering gait, barely maintain balance, may appear intoxicated, play role in eval. sensory input |
| How is the Vomit Center, activated directly? | fear, distressing sights, bad odor, pain, spinning |
| How is the Vomit Center Stimulated indirectly? | Chemoreceptors trigger zone (CTZ)--stimulated by anti cancer & opioid drugs |
| How Does the vomit center receive its signals? | Gets signals from vagus nerves to CTZ--in turn activates this |
| Limbic System | Part of cerebrum & Diencephalon, wishbone shaped group, aka emotional brain, functions in state of emotion/behavior, stimul. by microelectrodes--cause state of extreme pleasure/rage |
| Reticular formation | What keeps up awake. Special gray matter that is concerned w/ sleep-wake cycle & consciousness. Benzodiazepines and alcohol can damage this |
| Consciousness | state of wakefullness, different levels. |
| What are the 4 levels of consciousness? | Attentiveness, Alertness, Relaxation, Inatentiveness |
| RAS--reticular activating system | continuously sample sensory ifo. from all body parts, sends unusual/threatening info. to higher structures w/ion cerebral cortex |
| Sleep | Occur when RAS is slowed/inhibited, Neurotransmitters are repenished |
| Coma | Hyporesponsive state, stages: light to deep, pt (may) respond to light, sound, pain, touch |
| Clinical conditions that affect level of consciousness... | brain tumors, brain injury, drugs, toxins, hypoxia, hyperglycemia, acid-base imbalance, electrolyte imbalance |
| Stages of sleep | REM and NREM |
| NREM | has 4 stages from light to deep, deep to light |
| REM | Sleep total 90-120 minutes per night, characterized byu bp, respiratory rate & rhythm & pulse rate, most dreaming occur here. |
| Memory | ability to recALL thoughts ad images. frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobe, limbic system, and diencephalon are concerned w/ memory |
| Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) | Formed across walls of choroid plexus3rd layer of protection for CNS. circulate through subarachnoid space- cushioning the brain/spinal cord, delivers nutrients and removes waste |
| Choroid Plexus | grape like collection of blood vessels and ependmyl cells, suspended from roof of ventricle |
| Arachnoid Villus | help w/ CSF drainage |
| What are the 3 layers of protection for the CNS? | Bone, meninges, and CSF |
| Meninges | name of the 3 layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| What are the 3 parts of the meninges? | dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater |
| Dura mater | outer most layer, thick and tough, the hard mother, form dural sinuses |
| Arachnoid mater | middle layer (spider like) membrane. |
| Pia matter | inner most layer, soft gentle mother, very thin |
| The nerves are categorized into which 3 ways? | sensory nerves, integrative, and motor nerves |
| Sensory nerves function | gather information from inside the body and from the outside enviornment--the nerves then carry the info to CNS |
| Integrated Nerve function | information receives is processed and interpreted, and a plan is set |
| Motor nerves function | carry out plan made by the CNS, send information to muscles and glands of the body |
| what 2 types of cells make up the nervous tissue? | Neuroglia and Neurons |
| Neuroglia | support, protect, and nourish the neuron. has 2 more common glia cells--->astrocytes and ependymal cells (cover entire brain surface) |
| Astrocytes Cells | star shaped cell present in both brain barrier, act as phagocyte, secrete nerve growth factor, bind blood vessels to nerves for support |
| Ependyml Cells | Involved w/ formation of CSF, lines ventricles of the brain as part of choroid plexus |
| Microalgia | protective role, phagocytosis of pathogens and damaged tissue |
| Schwann Cells | Produce myelin sheath for neurons in PNS, assist in regeneration of damaged fibers |
| Oligodendrocytes | produce myelin sheath for neurons in CNS |
| Types of Neuroglia | astrocytes, ependymal cells, microalgia, schwann cells, oligodendrocytes |
| Nodes of ranvier | axonal area not covered by myelin, appear at regular interval along myelinated axon. |
| How does the nodes of ranvier help w/ transmission of nerve impulse? | The nodes of ranvier help the nerve impulses jump from neuron to neuron |
| Polarization | cell is resting, no nerve impulse transmitted, cell is quiet |
| Chemical change in polarization | inside cell has a (-) charge, k+ ions and anions, k+ is pumped in by ATP, k+ leaks out, taking (+) charge w/ it, making inside of cell (-) |
| Depolarization | neuron stimulated, change occur in cells electrical state. |
| Chemical change in depolarization | Stimulated state,permeability changes-allowing Na+ to come into cell, Na+ carries (+) charge, this is caused by inward diffusion of Na+ |
| Repolarization | quickly cell becomes (-) again, back to resting state. |
| Chemical change in repolarization | return to resting, after depolarization permeability changes back to stop Na+ from coming into cell, and allow K+ to move out. This is caused by outward diffusion of K+ removes (+) charge bringing the cell back to resting state |
| Parkinson's Disease | deficiency ion dopamine w/in basil nuclei, movement disorder, characterized by shuffling, rislow speech, drooling, mask like expression, aka shaking palsy |
| CN I | olfactory (smell) |
| CN II | Optic (sight) damage causes diminished vision/blindness |
| CN III | Oculomotor (eyeball, raise eyelids, change pupil size) damage causes ptosis, can't focus on objects |
| CN IV | Trochlear Nerve (help us move eyeball) damage causes double vision/inability to rotate eye right |
| CN V | Trigeminal Nerve (mixed nerve chewing of food, sensation in face, scalp, cornea, and teeth. damage causes loss of sensation |
| CN VI | Abducens Nerve (moves eyeball like trochlear nerve, damage causes the eye at rest to drift toward the nose |
| CN VII | Facial Nerve ( mixed nerve expression,saliva, taste, tears, blinking) damage may cause bells palsy can't close eyelid (blink) |
| CN VIII | Vestibulocochlear (hearing and balance) sends info to brain from inner ear. damage causes loss of hearing, and balance |
| CN IX | Glossopharyngeal Nerve (mixed nerve swallowing, regulate bp, and gag reflex) damage causes loss of gag reflex |
| CN X | Vagus Nerve (visceral muscle movement/sensation, movement of secretions of digestive system sensory for reflex regulation of BP. damage causes horse voice |
| CN XI | Accessory Nerve (swallowing, supply sternocleidomastoid and trapezus muscle to move head and shoulder, speaking) damage causes drooping shoulders. inability/difficulty in rotating head |
| CN XII | Hypoglossal (control movement of tongue, speech and swallowing) damage causes tongue to go to injured side |
| Reflex arch | pathway involved in a reflex |
| 5 basic components of a reflex arch.... | receptor, afferent neuron (sensory to spinal cord), intergrating center (gray matter), efferent (motor neuron to muscle), and effector organ (leg moves) |
| Different types of reflexes.... | withdraw, pupillary , bp, babinski, knee jerk reation. |
| Ex of withdrawal reflex | hot iron |
| Ex of Pupillary reflex | light in eye |
| Ex of Bp reflex | changes abruptly, fight ot flight |
| Ex of Babinski reflex | touch bottom of foot |
| Ex of Knee jerk reation | Knee jerk |
| Sympathetic Nerves | increase heart rate and strength of contraction, pupils dilate, vessels constrict, no pee or bm, stimulate epinephrine and norepinephrine, mouth waters alot, closes sphincter. Fight or Flight |
| Parasympathetic Nerves | Decrease heart rate, pupils constrict, have to pee, watery secretions, contracts muscles, opens sphincter. Feed or Breed |
| Adrenergic Receptors | Neurotransmitter norepinephrine (sympathetic) |
| Cholinergic Receptors | Neurotrasmitter Acetlycholine (Ach) (immediate response) |
| Dual innervations | single nerves that receive fibers from both Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves in ANS |
| Sensory/afferent Neurons | carry information from the periphery toward the CNS. (spinal cord) |
| Motor/efferent Neurons | carry information from the CNS toward the periphery. |
| Interneurons | found only in the CNS. They form connections between sensory and motor neurons. |
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tnaturalbeauty
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