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Cellular PhysiologyF
Fink Review of Cellular Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The basic structural and functional unit of living things is known as the? | The Cell Theory |
| What is ICF and ECF? | ICF= Intracellular Fluid = Cytoplasm ECF= Extracellular Fluid |
| What are 2 Major types of metabolic (biochemical) reactions? | Anabolic and Catabolic reactions |
| What are Anabolic Reactions? | The joining of small molecules to form larger, more complex molecules [Growth Processes] |
| Give two examples of an anabolic reaction. | *Dehydration synthesis reaction- snapped by removing water *Reduction Reactions "(RIG)"- when a molecule gains H-atoms + e- (& the gain of energy) |
| What is a catabolic Reaction? | The splitting of large molecules into smaller molecules [digestion and energy production] |
| What are two examples of a catabolic reaction? | 1. Hydrolysis reactions- breaking apart 2. Oxidation reactions ("OIL") |
| What is an oxidation Reaction? | When a molecule loses H-atoms + e- (& the release of energy) |
| What are Free Radicals? | They are chemicals that take H-atoms + e- away from other molecules. "Anti-oxidants" give-off-H-atoms + e- & thus prevent this from happening |
| How does your body maintain weight, reduction and growth? | Anabolic Reactions: growth & Catabolic Reactions: Energy. |
| What is Cellular Respiration? | The production of ATP! Cellular respiration is the process by which organic compounds (usually glucose) are broken-apart, releasing energy that is used to produce ATP molecules. |
| What does insulin cause and what is it? | Glycogenesis -glucose in the bloodstream is transported into liver cells and stored as glycogen |
| What does glucagon cause and what is it? | Glycogenolysis -glycogen in liver cells is broken-apart into glucose and released into the bloodstream |
| What are the 2 series of biochemical reactions that cellular respiration is divided into? | 1.Anaerobic ("without oxygen") Respiration Reactions (->occur in the cytoplasm of the cells 2. Aerobic ("with oxygen") Respiration Reactions -> occur in the mitochondria of the cells |
| Name 2 types of Anaerobic Respiration reactions. | Glycolysis and Fermentation Reaction |
| What is the "Activation Step" in glycolysis? | -2 ATPs provide energy to initiate cellular respiration |
| What happens after the activion step in glycolysis? | The splitting of glucose in half into 2 pyruvate sugar |
| In Glycolysis when enough energy is released what does it produce? | A net gain of 2 ATPs. |
| What do each of 2 NAD coenzymes pick-up a pair of what? | of high-energy H-atoms [which will be transferred to O2 in the mitochondria to form H2O] |
| What is the fermentation reaction? | Occurs only when there is not sufficient O2 available to permit Aerobic reactions (in the mitochondria) |
| What does the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles contribute to? | Muscle fatigue and muscle cramping. |
| Muscle fatigue and muscle cramping is also known as ? | Metabolic Acidosis |
| Describe the O2 Debt following exercise | The greater the accumulation of lactic acid, the more additional O2 will be required so that all the lactic acid can be converted to pyruvate. |
| Where does Aerobic Respiration reactions occur? | In the mitochondria of the cell. |
| When do Aerobic Respiration reactions occur? | Only when free O2 is available, and entails the complete break-down of pyruvate sugar molecules (formed in glycolysis) into CO2. |
| What are two other names for the electron transport system? | Phosphorylation chain and Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis |
| Describe what the electron transport system is. | It consists of a series of coenzymes that transfer ("hot-potato") H-atoms from one coenzyme to another, finally concentrating them in the outer compartment of the mitochondria |
| How do you get OXIDATION in the electron transport system? | The ("hot-potato") H-atoms then diffuse down their concentration gradient (from the outer compartment into the inner compartment of the mitochondria) and finally the H-atoms are attached to oxygen. H2O |
| After Oxidation, energy is released to make what? | Releases energy (+ heat) that is used to join ADP + P -> ATP |
| After the oxidation and phosphorylation occurs in the electron transport system what is the overall name for it? | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| What does the body break down in order to produce ATP for energy? | 1. Mostly carbohydrates in the body. 2. Some fats in the body 3. Small amounts of protein in the body |
| In the catabolism of fat what happens when fatty acids are reversibly converted into acetyl sugars? | They are broken-down to release energy that is used to produce ATP. |
| What does each gram of fat provide relative to energy? | More than twice as much energy as a gram of carbohydrate or protein. |
| What does an increase of catabolism of fat lead to? | Formation of Ketoacids ("ketone bodies") |
| name two ways that proteins can catabolized. | Deamination and gluconeogenesis |
| In gluconeogenesis what happens? | Ketoacids -> Acetyl Sugar |
| What's the theory behind the Atkins diet? | If there are no carbohydrates in the body, what will the cells in the body HAVE to break-down for energy? |
| What is diabetes? | Deficiency of Insulin |
| What happens in diabetes to the sugars? | Sugars or glucose in the bloodstream can not be transported into cells (and stored as glycogen or even used for energy) |
| How many chromosomes are in the nucleus of every somatic cell? | 46 total (23 in the sperm and 23 in the ovum) |
| How many homologous ("matching") pairs of chromosomes are there? | 23 |
| What is a zygote? | 1st body ("somatic") cell. |
| Every body cell has a copy of the original what? | 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
| What does each gene on a chromosome specify? | The amino acid sequence of 1 specific protein ("trait") |
| Why are most genetic mutations harmful? | because it causes defective proteins to be produced. |
| What are genetic mutations called? | genetic ("in-born") diseases |
| Name a few genetic diseases. | cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, Tay-Sachs, Albinism, sickle cell anemia, late-onset diabetes, cancer |
| name 5 functions of proteins in the body. | a.) structural proteins b.) protein hormones c.) contractile proteins d.) antibodies (Immunoglobins; gamma -globulins) e.) Transport proteins (Ex: Hemoglobin) HDL & LDL |
| What are enzymes? | proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions |
| What is p53? | Tumor Supressor Gene - specifies proteins that inhibit cell division (mitosis) |
| What is an oncogene? | increases risk of cancer |
| what would happen if there was a mutation in the p53 gene? | p53= colon cancer BRCA= breast cancer |
| Where does DNA replication occur? | Occurs in cells before they can divide into 2 cells (mitosis) |
| Describe what happens in DNA replication? | The DNA unzips down the middle so that each strands acts as a structural pattern ("template") to reconstruct a new complementary strand for its half. |
| Short definition of Transcription? | Making a copy of a gene --> synthesis of RNA |
| Where does transcription occur? | Occurs in cells before they can synthesize proteins |
| Describe what happens in Transcription? | That portion of a DNA specifying 1 protein unzips down the middle so that 1 strand acts as a structural pattern ("template") to construct a complementary RNA strand for its half. |
| What is each messenger RNA? | messenger RNA [m-RNA] is a "cytoplasmic messenger" of a gene |
| What does the m-RNA attach to? | Attaches to a ribosome (The "construction sites" for proteins) |
| What does the nucleotide sequence of the m-RNA specify? | The sequence of amino acids in the protein. |
| What do transfer RNAs act like? | Trucks- to transport the different types of amino acids to the ribosome construction site |
| What are the amino acids joined together with? | by peptide bond forming a polypeptide chain |
| What does the polypeptide chain coil up to? | a protein |
| What is a codon? | Counting from the end each three nucleotides form a codon (triplet) |
| What is mRNA? | carries the genetic code for the translation of genetic information into proteins. |
| What is rRNA? | becomes a constituent of ribosomes. |
| What is tRNA? | tRNA links to amino acids that it carries to mRNA. |
| What are the two ways that Nucleic Acids synthesize? | 1. DNA Replication- before cell division 2. Transcription- (RNA) before a cell can synthesize a protein. |
| Describe the three step process that Old Nucleic Acids catabolize. | Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides - Uric Acid (Excreted in the urine) |
| What is the function of the cell membrane? | Acts as a semi-permeable boundary, allowing only certain substances to enter or leave the cell. |
| What is the cell membrane made out of? | Consists of a double layer ("bi-layer") of phospholipid molecules with embedded proteins. |
| Name six embedded proteins. | 1. Ion Channels 2. Transporter Proteins 3. Enzymes 4. Linker Proteins 5. Receptor Site Proteins 6. Recognition Site "Blocking Agents" |
| What are the functions of the ion channels? | Specific and open or close |
| What are the functions of Transporter Proteins? | The Transport sugars and amino acids. Specific and Active x-port or passive x-port (Faciliated diffusion) |
| Whats the function of the enzymes? | Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions. |
| What is the function of the linker proteins? | They affect the cytoskeleton and shape of the cell |
| What activates receptor site proteins? | activated by hormones, neurotransmitters and other chemicals (collectively called signal molecules or ligands) |
| What can the activation of the receptor sites do? | 1. open and close ion channels 2. transporters 3. enzyme activity 4. cause a change in the shape of the cell |
| What are two other words for the receptor site "blocking agents"? | Blocker and Antagonist |
| What do recognition sites allow WBCs to do? | Recognize your cells from foreign cells. |
| What are three ways that movement across cell membranes occur? | 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Protein Transporters and Active Transport "Pumps" |
| What is diffusion? | The spontaneous movement of a substance "down its concentration gradient" (From high concentration to low concentration) |
| What are the four factors that affect the rate of diffusion? | 1. The difference in concentration between the inside and outside of the cell 2. The size of the chemical substance 3. The temperature 4. whether the chemical substance is water-soluble or lipid-soluble |
| What is osmosis? | The diffusion of water through the cell membrane through protein channels. |
| When talking about water or salt, which follows who? | Water follows salt. |
| What is iso, hypo and hypertonic environment? | Isotonic Environment: having the same concentration in and out. Hypotonic Environment: Swelling and lysis of the cell Hypertonic Environment: shrinking and crenation (wrinkling) of the cell |
| What are protein transporters and active transport pumps? | Proteins embedded in the membrane transport specific chemicals through the membrane using energy supplied by ATP. |
| Active Transport processes account for about how much percent of energy used in the body? | 40% |
| What is phagocytosis? and what is another word for it? | Phagocytosis: ATP energy is used to engulf substances into a food vacuole of the cell. Another word for: Endocytosis |
| What is secretion or exocytosis? | ATP energy is used to released substances from a secretory vacuole of the cell. |
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