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BIO 201 Second Test
Human Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Exam 2 Notes/Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When calcium ions get too low... | PTH increase osteoclast activity; increase calcium ion re-absorption in kidneys; increase vitamin D - necessary for calcium ion absorption in intestinal track. |
| When calcium ions get too high... | Calcitonin decrease osteoclast allowing osteoblast activity to dominate |
| This is in between primary and secondary centers | Epiphyseal plate or cartilage |
| This begins after primary in epiphyses. | Secondary Ossification |
| In long bones, primary ossification begins near 1. and proceeds in 2. directions | 1.center of diaphysis 2.both |
| This occurs (probably due to changes in pH) when mineral salts (mainly calcium phosphate) are deposited and partially replace the organic matrix | Calcification (mineralization) |
| How does bone formation start? | Osteoblasts begin synthesizing collagen and mucopolysaccharides |
| Till formation starts, skeleton is made of _______ and __________. | Cartilage and fibrous (collagen) membrane |
| Formation of bone begins in the ____ week of embryo | Sixth |
| Inner membrane lining medullary cavity; contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts | Endosteum |
| Cavity within diaphysis containing yellow (fatty) marrow in adults | Medullary Cavity or Marrow Cavity |
| Dense irregular collagenous membrane covering bone not covered by articular cartilage; outer layer (fibrous) with many fibers that interlace with ligaments and tendons; blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and fibers extend down into compact bone | Periosteum |
| Hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis at articulation | Articular cartilage |
| Ends of bone (proximal and distal); dense bone at surface (thinner than in diaphysis); spongy bone in interior; spongy bone contains red marrow in humerus and femur (in proximal part), and yellow marrow in all other places | Epiphysis (-ses, plural) |
| Shaft of bone; dense bone at surface, marrow inside | Diapysis |
| Six structure features of long bones | Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Articular Cartilage, Periosteum, Medullary (Marrow) Cavity, Endosteum |
| These bones have simple macroscopic structure; spongy bone inside with layer of dense bone outside; periosteum outside dense bone (except at joints) | Short, Flat and Irregular Bones |
| Spinal and skull bones; shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories | Irregular Bones |
| Ribs, shoulder blades (scapula) and cranial bones; relatively thin, flattened shape and are usually curved | Flat Bones |
| Wrist and ankle bones; are round or nearly cube-shaped | Short Bones |
| Bones in upper and lower arms and legs, and fingers and toes; bones are longer than they are wide | Long Bones |
| What are the 4 main types of bones: | Long, Short, Flat and Irregular |
| In this growth pattern, chondrocytes within the tissue divide and add more matrix between the existing cells | Interstitial Growth |
| In this growth pattern, chondroblasts in the perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage. The chondroblasts lay down new matrix and add new chondrocytes to the outside of the tissue | Appositional Growth |
| Cartilage grows in what 2 ways? | Appositional Growth & Intestitial Growth |
| Name the cartilage that has more elastic fibers; allows more flexibility; found in external ear and Eustachian tubes, etc... | Elastic Cartilage |
| Name the cartilage that has the matrix that appears homogenous, semitranslucent, but with fine collagen fibers; most common type; found in nose, larynx, at articulations between long bones; composes most of the embryonic skeleton; flexibly strong | Hyaline Cartilage |
| Name the cartilage that is dense with many collagenous fibers in bundles and few cells; rigidly strong; found in discs between vertebrae, pubicsymphysis | Fibrocartilage |
| What are the 3 types of cartilage? | Fibrocartilage, Hyaline, Elastic |
| _________, fibrous membrane around cartilage - composed of irregular dense fibrous connective tissue; not always present in cartilage | Perichondrium |
| Cells usually are _____, may be in small groups. (Cartilage tissue) | Isolated |
| Chondrocytes occur in ______ - no canal system in cartilage tissue. | Lacunae |
| Very dense tissue - matrix firm, hardened gel with many elastic and/or collagen fibers | Cartilage |
| _____ ____ and ________ ____ fill in voids between osteons. | Interstitial lamellae and circumferential lamellae |
| __________ (__________) ________, (containing blood vessels and nerves), penetrate dense bone and connect with central canals | Preforating (Volkmann's) Canals |
| Radiating from lacunae are _____, which connect (sometimes indirectly) with central canals | Canaliculi |
| Osteocytes can be found in small pores in lamellae called? | Lacunae |
| These are circular layers of bone matrix that surround a common, central canal | Concentric Lamellae |
| This part of compact bone tissue is a cavity running longitudinally in dense osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, etc. | Central or Haversian Canal |
| What are concentric lamellae surrounding blood vessels within central canals | Haversian Systems or Osteons |
| This type of tissue is denser and has fewer spaces than the other type | Compact Bone |
| Osteocytes are found in the _____ of trabeculae | Lucunae |
| Latticework of thin processes of bone matrix is called __________. | Trabeculae |
| This type of tissue has many large cavities containing marrow, trabeculae osteocytes, lucunae & many cells in marrow with ground substance | Cancellous Tissue |
| Compact (dense) cells have _____ pores and marrow | Less |
| Spongy (cancellous) cells have _____ pores and marrow | More |
| What are the two main cell types? | Spongy (Cancellous) and Compact (Dense) |
| Porous tissue serves what purpose? | Makes bones lighter in weight |
| What is the connective tissue type of bone (or osseous) tissue? | Much matrix (or ground substance), few cells - porous tissue |
| Cartilage life cycle | Chondroblasts into condrocytes |
| Name the two main tissues of the skeletal system | Bone and Cartilage (may also include dense irregular collagenous and other dense fibrous tissues) |
| Inner-skeleton vs outer-skeleton | Endoskeleton vs Exoskeleton |
| What does the skeletal system produce? | Blood cells (especially red) in red marrow |
| What materials are stored in the skeletal system? | Mainly calcium, phosphorus and other mineral salts and fats |
| _______ act as levers and fulera for muscles' force | Movement |
| _______ functions - more delicate structures enclosed by bony structures | Protection |
| Framework for the body is called? | Support |
| What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system? | Support, protection, movement, reservoir of materials, hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis |
| The skeletal system consists of what? | Bones and Articulations (Joints) |
| What is the formation of bone called? | Ossification (Osteogenesis) |
| Ossification in years 1 to 20 | Ossification almost exclusive |
| Ossification in years 20 to 40 | Ossification = resorption |
| Ossification at 40+ years | Resorption > ossification |
| What are the 6 terms that describe bone depressions and openings? | Fissure, Foramen, Fossa, Meatus, Sinus, and Sulcus (or Groove) |
| This is a narrow cleft in bone; allows passage of nerves or vessels | Fissure |
| This is a hole or rounded opening | Foramen |
| This is a depression or hollow | Fossa |
| This is a tube-link passageway or opening | Meatus |
| This is an air-filled cavity or spongy space in bone | Sinus |
| This is a furrow along bone that accommodates soft structures | Sulcus (or Groove) |
| What are the two processes and projections of bone that form joints? | Condyle & Head |
| This is a rounded projection of bone | Condyle |
| This is a rounded projection beyond the constricted portion of bone | Head |
| What are the 7 bone processes or projections that are used to form attachments for tendons or ligaments | Crest, Epicondyle, Line, Spine or Spinous Process, Trochanter, Tubercle & Tuberosity |
| This is a ridge or crest in bone | Crest |
| This is a prominence above a condyle in bone | Epicondyle |
| This is a less prominent ridge of bone | Line |
| This is a sharp, slender projection of bone | Spine (Spinous Process) |
| This is a large blunt projection of bone | Trochanter |
| This is a small rounded projection of bone | Tubercle |
| This is a large rounded process, usually rough part of bone | Tuberosity |
| How many bones are there in the human body? | Approximately 206 |
| Regularly occurring bones are divided into what 2 divisions? | Axial and Appendicular |
| This section of bone form a long axis of body; 80 bones (including 6 auditory ossicles) | Axial |
| This division of bone has appendages and connections to the trunk; 126 bones- including 2 sesamoid bones (patellae) | Appendicular |
| What are the two types of irregularly occuring bones? | Sesamoid & Wormian Bones (Sutural Bones) |
| These are usually small bones, variable in number, occuring in tendons at joint, besides patellae, most of these at proximal joints of thumbs and big toes | Sesamoid |
| These are small irregular bones occurring in cranial sutures; especially lambdoidal suture | Wormian Bones (Sutural Bones) |
| What are the 5 parts of the Axial Skeleton? | Skull, Auditory Ossicles, Hyoid Bone, Vertebral Column, & thorax |
| This part of the axial skeleton houses 22 bones (28 bones if counting auditory ossicles) | Skull |
| This part of the skull houses the brain; 8 bones; forms cranial vault or cranium | Cranial |
| This part forms the anterior and upper anterior portion of cranium, also part of floor anteriorly; contributes to orbit and other facial features; 1 bone | Frontal |
| These bones form the upper side of cranium (on each side), extending to top central and upper posterior portion; 2 bones | Parietal |
| The lower sides and part of floor of cranium; external auditory meatus; mandibular fossa; 2 bones | Temporal |
| Lower posterior and major portion of cranial floor posteriorly; Foramen Magnum - allows spinal cord to pass thru; 1 bone | Occipital |
| Much of the anterior floor of cranium; forms suutures with all other cranial bones; Sella turcica; 1 bone | Sphenoid |
| Small part of the anterior cranial floor; much of nasal cavity and part of face; forms superior portion of bony nasal septum; forms superior and middle nasal conchae on both sides of nasal cavity; these form meati that create turbulent air flow | Ethmoid |
| Found in frontal ethmoid and sphenoid; also in maxillae of facial bones. Reduce weight and create resonating chambers | Paranasal Siunses |
| Immovable joints between skull bones; thin layer of fibrous connective tissue between bones in sutures | Sutures |
| Main 4 sutures (all involving parietals) | Coronal, Sagittal, Squamousal, & Lambdoidal |
| Suture between frontal & parietals | Coronal |
| Suture between parietals | Sagittal |
| Suture between parietals and occipital | Lambdoidal |
| Suture between parietal and temporal bone on each side | Squamousal |
| "soft spot" in infants; membranous areas between cranial bones; allow compression of skull at birth and enlargement of brain prenatally and postnatally; fill in as ossification continues after birth; frontal (anterior) is largest and closes by about age 2 | Fontanels |
| Involved in facial features only | Facial |
| Form upper jaw and most of hard palate; usually more or less unite and fuse before birth; articulate with all facial bones except mandible; alveolar process and alveoli; 2 bones | Maxillae |
| Forms lower jaw; largest of facial bones; formed by fused bones; articulates with temporals to form only movable articulation in skull; 1 bone | Mandible |
| Forms cheek; prominent facial bone 2 bones | Zygomatic (Malar) |
| Form bridge of nose; small bones; most of nose is cartilage; 2 bones | Nasal |
| Smallest bones of the face; lie in medial anterior portion of orbit; have nasolacriminal canal; 2 bones | Lacrimal |
| Forms inferior portion of bony nasal septum; 1 bone | Vomer |
| Scroll shaped bones in nasal cavity; help form nasal meati (irregular narrow channels) for airflow cleansing and tep regulation; also called turbinates; 2 bones | Inferior Nasal Conchae |
| Form posterior part of hard palate and part of side walls of nasal cavity; 2 bones | Palatine Bones |
| 3 in each ear; found in middle ear; aid in transmission of sound waves from ear drum to inner ear; sometimes not considered part of axial or appendicular skeletons; 6 bones total | Auditory Ossicles |
| Auditory Ossicles listed in order from eardrum to inner ear | Malleus (Hammer); Incus (Anvil); Stapes (Stirrup) |
| Found in throat; u-shaped with open end directed posteriorly; serves as attachment for neck; throat and tongue muscles; important in swallowing; only bone that does not directly articulate with any other bone; suspended by ligaments from temporals; 1 bone | Hyoid Bone |
| Longitudinal axis of body; composed of vertebrae; 5 types of vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal); 26 bones | Vertebral Column |
| Body directed anteriorly and vertebral arch directed posteriorly; arch with spinous process posteriorly, transverse processes laterally, and inferior and superior articular processes; vertebral foramen (allows passage of spinal cord); | Typical Vertebra Structure |
| Neck region; have transverse foramina in transverse processes. First is atlas - no body; Second is Axis - has octontoid process or dens projecting upwards; 7 bones | Cervical Vertebrae |
| Chest region of vertebral column; have facets on body and transverse processes for attachment for ribs; fairly typical. 12 bones | Thoracic Vertebrae |
| In small of back; large, heavy vertebrae; 5 bones | Lumbar Vertebrae |
| Single bone from fusion of 5 sacral vetebrae | Sacrum |
| Single bone fused from 3 to 5 degenerate coccygeal vertebrae; remnants of tail | Coccyx |
| Primary vertebral column curvatures are ____ & ______ (____), and ______ & ______ are secondary. | Thoracic & Sacral (Pelvic) Lumbar & Cervical |
| Curvatures of the vertebral column provide what 3 things? | Greater balance, increase carrying strength, and act like springs or shock absorbers |
| Exaggerated thoracic curvature | Kyphosis (hunchback) |
| Exaggerated lumbar curvature | Lordosis (swayback) |
| Lateral curvature in any region | Scoliosis |
| The sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae make up this part of the axial skeleton | Thorax |
| Breastbone; flat bone in anterior medial portion of chest; consists of manubrium, gladiolus (body), and xiphoid process; ribs attach to it directly or indirectly, upper appendages attach to it also | Sternum |
| 12 pairs of curved, flat bones; all attach to thoracic vertebrae and most to sternum (via costal carilage) | Ribs |
| This part of the skeleton houses 126 bones total | Appendicular |
| This part of the appendicular skeleton houses 64 bones total; 32 per side | Upper Appendage or Extremity |
| Clavicle and scapula make up this | Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder) |
| Collar bone; articulates with acromion of scapula and manubrium of sternum | Claviicle |
| Shoulder blade; articulates with humerus at glenoid fossa (shoulder blade) | Scapula |
| Prominent landmark of dorsal scapula | Spine |
| Upper Appendage Proper consists of what 5 sections? | Upper Arm, Forearm, Wrist (carpal), Palm/Hand (Metacarpal), and Fingers (Phalanges) |
| Humerus; long bone; head is ball for "ball and socket" joint at shoulder | Upper Arm |
| Radious (lateral); Ulna (medial); both long bones | Forearm |
| Wrist bones; all short bones; 8 bones | Carpal |
| Form palm of hand; all long bones; 5 bones | Metacarpals |
| This metacarpal is very freely moveable and offset; allows opposable ability; not parallel to four fingers | Thumb Metacarpal |
| 3 in each finger; 2 in thumb; all long bones; 14 total bones | Phalanges |
| This part of the appendicular skeleton houses 62 bones total; 31 per side | Lower Appendages |
| Coxal bone or coxa; also called innominate or pelvic bone; formed by fusion of 3 bones; (Ilium, ischium and pubis) | Pelvic Girdle |
| Superior fused bone of pelvic girdle coxa | Ilium |
| Posterior and inferior part of fused coxa bone | Ischium |
| Anterior and inferior fused part of coxa | Pubis |
| Fussion point of three coxa regions; large fossa; head of femur articulates here. "Socket for pelvic girdle" | Acetabulum |
| The basin/foundation; holds up body weight and distributes it along the legs | Pelvis |
| Lower Appendage Proper consists of what 6 parts? | Femur, Patella, Tibia/Fibula, Tarsal, Metatarsals, Phalanges |
| Upper leg "thigh"; longest and strongest bone in the body; long bone; has head and greater trochanter | Femur |
| Kneecap; sesamoid bone; protects the most vulnerable joint - knee joint | Patella |
| Lower leg bones; long bones; _____ is medial; __________ is lateral | Tibia & Fibula |
| Form ankle and posterior portion of foot; short bones; 7 bones | Tarsal |
| Form anterior portion of foot; long bones; 5 bones | Metatarsals |
| This metatarsal is not offset like the thumb metacarpal | Big toe |
| Toes (2 in big, 3 in other); all long bones; 14 bones | Phalanges |
| 2 longitudinal (lateral and medial); 1 transverse; provide great support with least weight | Arches of feet |
| Bone makes connection between axil skeleton and free | Girdle |
| Male coccyx is _______ ________. | Flared Inward |
| Points of contact between separate elements (bones) of the skeletal system | Articulations or Joints |
| This allows movement of the skeleton | Articulations |
| Movement is limited by these 3 things | Tightness of fit at joint, Flexibility of connective tissue, Positions of tendons, ligaments and muscles |
| 2 types of joint classifications | Functional and Structural |
| Degree of movement at joint | Functional |
| Based on structure at joint (presences or absence of joint cavity and type of connective tissue binding bones) | Structural |
| 3 types of functional joints | Synarthroses (Synarthrotic), Amphiarthroses (amphiarthrotic), Diathroses (diathrotic) |
| This functional type is immovable; fibrous or cartilaginous | Synarthroses |
| This functional type is slightly movable; fibrous or cartilaginous | Amphiarthroses |
| This functional type is freely movable; always synovial | Diarthroses |
| Three structural types | Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial |
| This structural type has no joint cavity; connective tissue is fibrous connective tissue; permit little or no movement | Fibrous |
| This structural type has no joint cavity; connective tissue is cartilage; allows little or no movement | Cartilaginous |
| This structural type has a joint cavity (synovial cavity); all diarthrotic; most important class; allow most movement | Synovial |
| 3 types of fibrous joints | Sutures, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis |
| Found between bones of skull; united by thin dense fibrous connective tissue; immovable | Sutures |
| Dense fibrous connective tissue present in greater amount than sutures; forms ligaments or interosseous membrance (ex: distal articulation of tibia and fibula); functionally amphiarthrotic (slightly movable) | Syndesmosis |
| Peg-in-socket joint (ex: roots of teeth and alveolar processes of mandible and maxillae); functionally amphiarthrotic; periodontal ligament forms connection; slightly movable | Gomphosis |
| Hyaline cartilage connects bones (ex: costal cartilage); epiphyseal plate is temporary type; are synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic | Synchondrosis |
| Broad flat disc of fibrocartilage joins bones (ex: between vertebrae); these are amphiarthrotic or synarthrotic | Symphysis |
| What are the 8 structure points of a synovial joint? | Articular or joint capsule, ligaments, synovial membrance, articular cartilage, synovial space or joint cavity, bursa(e), tendon sheath, and articular disks |
| This synovial structure is an extenion of periosteum of each bone; enclose ends of bones wand bind them together | Articular (Joint) Capsule |
| This synovial structure are bundles of dense fibrous connective tissue with fibers arranged in parallel fashion and highly resistant to strain; may compose part of articular capsule or not (accessory) | Ligaments |
| This synovial structure is the inner layer of the joing capsule; secretes synovial fluid | Synovial Membrane |
| This synovial structure is hyaline cartilage covering the articulating areas of the articulating bones; provides cushioning and smooth surface | Articular Cartilage |
| This synovial structure is a space (cavity) filled with synovial fluid which lubricates joint | Synovial Space or Joint Cavity |
| This synovial structure is a sac of connective tissue filled with fluid between bones and tendons, muscles, skin or other tissues; reduce friction | Bursa(e) |
| The 6 types of synovial joints | Gliding or plane joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, ellipsoidal joint, saddle joint, and ball and socket joint |
| Articulating surfaces flat; allows sideways and back and forth movements between articulating surfaces of vertebrae, carpals, and tarsals | Gliding (plane) joint |
| Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another; generally only flexion and extension; elbow (in part) | Hinge Joint |
| Rounded, pointed or conical process of one bone articulates within ring formed by another bone (or bone and ligament); movement primarily rotation; between axis and atlas and proximal ends of radius and ulna | Pivot Joint |
| An oval shaped process (condyle) of one bone fits into elliptical fossa or cavity of another bone; wrist exhibits this type of movement, but is compound | Ellipsoidal Joint (Condyloid) |
| Articular surfaces of both bones saddle-shaped (concave in one direction and convex in the other); thumb carpometacarpal joint; opposable, slightly rotary | Saddle Joint |
| Semi-spherical projection (head) of one bone fits into concave fossa or another; most versatile; shoulder and hip | Ball and Socket Joint |
| Great range of movement; most mobile joint; partly due to shallow glenoid fossa of scapula with large head of humerus | Shoulder |
| More stability, limited mobility; large head of femur or projection that fits deeply into deeper fossa (acetabulum) of coxa; many strong ligaments present also | Hip |
| What are the 5 movements at diarthroses? | Gliding. Angular Movements, Rotation, Circumduction, Special Movements |
| Simplest movement; one surface moves back and forth or side to side over another surface; between tarsals and between carpals | Gliding |
| Increase or decrease angles between bones | Angular Movements |
| Decreases angle between anterior surfaces of articulating bones except below mid-thigh | Flexion |
| Increases angle between anterior surfaces of articulating bones except below mid-thigh | Extension |
| Movement of bone away from midline; except fingers and toes - midpoint is middle (bird) | Abduction |
| Movement toward midline of body; also closing fingers and toes | Adduction |
| Movement of bone around long axis; rotating head or humerus | Rotation |
| Movement of the distal end of bone in a circle while proximal end is stationary; bone describes a cone in the air; technically combination of angular and rotary; not simple movement; shoulder and head | Circumduction |
| Occurs at one or a few joints only | Special Movements |
| 11 Special movements | Inversion, Eversion, Pronation, Supination, Protraction, Retraction, Elevation, Derpression, Opposition, Reposition, and Excursion |
| Movement of ankle to turn sole of foot inward (medially) | Inversion |
| Movement of ankle to turn sole of foot outward (laterally) | Eversion |
| Movement of forearm to bring palm backward or posterior | Pronation |
| Movement of forearm to bring palm forward or anterior | Supination |
| Movement of mandible or clavicle forward on plane parallel to ground | Protraction |
| Movement of part backward | Retraction |
| Movement of body part upward (mandible and shoulder) | Elevation |
| Movement of part downard | Depression |
| Movement of thumb to oppose any finger(s) | Opposition |
| Movement of thumb back | Reposition |
| Lateral and Medial | Excursion |
| 2 types of range of motion | Active and Passive |
| Range of motion your own body can produce | Active |
| Range of motion with assistance | Passive |
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