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Urinary System APII
Urinary System AP2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aldosterone | A mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys, which increases blood volume. |
| Angiotensin II | A hormone activated by renin that causes vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure, and it stimulates release of aldosterone. |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)(Also called vasopressin.) | Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland;stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys, inhibits sweat glands,causes vasoconstriction of arterioles, which increases blood pressure and blood volume. |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | Hormone released by heart atria in response to high blood pressure; causes vasodilation, which decreases blood pressure, inhibits secretion of renin and aldosterone, and increases the kidney GFR, which promotes greater excretion of salt and water, and dec |
| Collecting duct | Renal tubule that receives filtrate from many nephrons and delivers urine to papilla; contains intercalated cells with microvilli that maintain the acid-base balance of the body,principal cells that function in hormone-depend. reabsorption and secretion, |
| Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | renal tubule surrounded by peritubular capillaries confined to the cortex; it is made of cuboidal cells with very few microvilli that functions in hormone-dependent reabsorption and secretion, which is controlled by aldosterone and parathyroid hormone. |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) | A hormone released by the kidney and liver that enhances erythropoiesis. |
| Glomerular capsule | Double-walled cup at a renal tubule that encloses a glomerulus; its inner (visceral) membrane forms part of the filtration membrane. Also called Bowman's capsule |
| Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) | The volume of filtrate that moves out of the plasma, through glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsules, per unit time; it is assumed to be equivalent to inulin clearance. |
| Glomerulus | Cluster of capillaries forming part the nephron that is the site of filtrate formation. |
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) | cells in nephron that touch glomerular capsule and regulate filtrate formation and blood pressure; macula densa cells are columnar cells, modified from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, act as chemoreceptors,detect osmotic concentration of filtrate |
| Kidneys | The paired reddish organs located in the lumbar region that produce urine and regulate the composition, volume, and pressure of blood. |
| Loop of Henle | U-shaped renal tubule mostly in medulla. surrounded by vasa recta capillaries; composed of a thin descending limb made of squamous cells that are freely permeable to water, and a thick ascending limb made of cuboidal cells that are impermeable to water. |
| Nephron | basic struct. & funct. unit kidney maintains body's water, solute, pH balance by filtration of the blood, reabsorption of needed substances, and excretion of remaining material as urine; cortical nephrons are mostly in the cortex and are 85% of all nephr |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Hormone released by the parathyroid glands that raises blood calcium level, increases intestinal absorption of calcium, and promotes kidney reabsorption of calcium and excretion of phosphate; it acts as an antagonist to calcitonin. |
| Perirenal fat capsule | fatty cushion that surrounds the kidneys, located between the renal fascia and renal capsule. Also called renal adipose capsule. |
| Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) | A renal tubule surrounded by peritubular capillaries which is confined to the cortex; it is made of cuboidal cells with many microvilli and mitochondria; it is the primary site of tubular reabsorption and secretion. |
| Renal calyces | cup-shaped extensions of the renal pelvis; the minor calyces collect urine from the renal papillae, which flows into the major calyces, then empties into the renal pelvis. |
| Renal columns | Areas of cortical tissue running between the renal medullary pyramids. |
| Renal corpuscle | glomerular capillaries and the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule that encloses them. |
| Renal cortex | lighter, superficial portion of the kidney that contains most of the nephron structures. |
| Renal fascia | Outermost sheath of dense fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the perirenal fat capsule and anchors the kidneys. |
| Renal fibrous capsule | The fibrous membrane that surrounds the kidney and is tightly adherent to its surface. |
| Renal hilum | Area of the kidney which allows entry and exit of ureters, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. |
| Renal medullary pyramid | A dark reddish-brown, conical structure in the renal medulla that contains the renal papillae and the bulk of the loops of Henle and collecting ducts. |
| Renal papilla | The tip of a renal medullary pyramid that releases urine into a minor calyx. |
| Renal pelvis | A funnel-shaped cavity in the center of the kidney that is continuous with the ureter, and opens into the major calyces. |
| Renin | An enzyme released by the kidneys that is involved with activating the hormone angiotensin II, which can increase blood pressure. |
| Ureter | One of the two tubes that transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder by peristalsis; lined with transitional epithelium, surrounded by circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle, and covered externally by an adventitia. |
| Urethra | The duct from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body that conveys urine in females, and urine or semen in males. |
| Urinary bladder | collapsible sac,stores urine until excreted; lining is transitional epithelium;wall is smooth muscle called the detrusor that contracts to expel urine; trigone is a triangular region at base where two ureters enter and urethra exits; in pelvic cavity post |
Created by:
kimartin1
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