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A&P2 Digestive Pract
A&P2 Digestive Practice Test for DelTech Owens
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ingestion is defined as ? | intake of nutrients |
| Breaking down food into a form that can be utilized by the body is called ? | Digestion |
| Absorption means to absorb ? | nutrients |
| Elimination means to ? | eliminate waste |
| Digestion goes from teeth to ? | toilet (...not my phrase, people) |
| The digestive system forms a tube all the way through the __ cavities of the body. | ventral |
| The gastrointestinal tract is open at both ends. It is also called ? | the alimentary canal |
| The 7 main segments of the digestive tract include ? | mouth, oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus |
| The digestive system's accessory organs include what 7 components? | salivary glands, tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, appendix |
| The wall of the gastrointestinal tract (or alimentary canal) is comprised of 4 layers. They are ? | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
| The deepest, innermost layer of the G.I. tract that lines the G.I. lumen and secretes mucus is called ? | mucosa |
| Which layer of the G.I. tract connects with the lympathic system, blood vessels, and nerves? | submucosa |
| Which layer of the G.I. tract has 2 thick layers of muscles and wraps around the submucosa? | muscularis |
| Which layer of the G.I. tract is the most superficial? | serosa |
| Which layer of the G.I. tract contains the parasympathetic nerves or the submucosal plexus? | submucosa |
| Which layer of the G.I. tract contains connective tissue (loose areolar to more fibrous)? | serosa |
| Which layer of the G.I. tract contains the nerve plexus between the 2 muscle layers? | muscularis |
| What is the nerve plexus in the muscularis layer of the G.I. tract called? | myenteric plexus |
| How many deciduous teeth do humans have? | 20 (baby teeth) |
| How many permanent teeth do humans haves? | 32 |
| What kind of muscles are in the tongue? | intrinsic and extrinsic |
| The site where taste buds can be found is called ? | papillae |
| The hard palate is better known as the ? | roof of the mouth |
| Which salivary glands are anterior to the earlobe and become enlarged when infected with the MUMPS? | parotid |
| Which set of paired salivary glands can be found on the side of the lingual frenulum, or near the incisors? | submandibular |
| Which set of paired salivary glands are on the floor of the mouth posterior to the submandibular duct? | sublingual |
| What breaks down starch in the mouth and requires a high pH? | salivary amylase |
| __ __ is practically worthless because most ingested lipids must be emulsified before it can digest them easily. | lingual or salivary lipase |
| What's another word for swallowing? | deglutition or peristalsis |
| A muscular tube for swallowing that is about 10 inches long is called ? | esophagus (no dirty jokes, please) |
| The esophagus is the __ segment of the digestive tube proper. | first |
| The esophagus is composed of the same 4 layers as the G.I. tract, but the serosa layer is called the ? | adventitia |
| The first 2/3 of the esophagus has skeletal muscle. The last 3rd is __ muscle. | smooth |
| The outer layer (adventitia) of the esphogus is ? | fibrous |
| What helps prevent regurgitation? | cardiac sphincter, also called the lower esphogeal sphincter |
| What do we call the folds in the stomach that grind and mix foods with gastric juices? | rugae |
| The 3 divisions of the stomach are called ? | fundus, body, pylorus |
| The part of the stomach that's up (superior) and to the left is called ? | fundus |
| The main part of the stomach is called ? | body |
| The lower part of the stomach is called ? | pylorus |
| What sphincter controls the opening into the stomach? | cardiac or esophogeal sphincter |
| What sphincter controls the opening into the small intestine (in the duodenum)? | pyloric or gastroduodenal sphincter |
| The main function of the small intestine is ? | absorption |
| What are the 3 sections of the small intestine? | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| Which part of the small intestine: comes first, has a pancreatic duct, enzymes, bile duct, and bile? | duodenum |
| Which part of the small intestine: is in the middle, absorbs nutrients, and is 8 feet long? | jejunum |
| Which part of the small intestine: comes last, absorbs nutrients, and is 12 feet long? | ileum |
| Name the 2 valves of the small intestine. | pyloric valve, ileocecal valve |
| Where is the pyloric valve? | Between the stomach and small intestine. |
| Where is the ileocecal valve? | Between the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine. |
| 90% of nutrients are absorbed in the ? | small intestine |
| What increases the surface area of the small intestine but cannot be found in the duodenum? | villi |
| What is the pH of intestinal juice? | 7.4 - 7.8 |
| Bicarbonate-rich mucus that neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine is called ? | duodenal glands |
| Blood capillaries in the small intestine absorb ? | carbohydrates and proteins |
| What do you call the lymphatic capillaries that absorb lipids? | lacteals |
| What are the 3 divisions of the large intestine? | cecum, colon, rectum |
| Which of the 3 divisions of the large intestine is 2-3 inches long and known as the blind pouch? | cecum |
| Which of the 3 divisions of the large intestine is 5 feet long and has an ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions? | colon |
| Which of the 3 divisions of the large intestine is the last 7 - 8 inches of the large intestine, with rectal valves allowing gas to pass without expelling feces? | rectum |
| The size of the appendix gets __ with age. | smaller |
| The appendix is known as the ? | vermiform appendix (vermiform means "worm") |
| The large intestine absorbs ? | some water and electrolytes |
| The large intestine has __ __ that produce mucus. | intestinal crypts |
| The major function of the large intestine is to convert __ to feces. | chyme |
| The bacterial flora of the large intestine produce what 3 things? | vitamin B, vitamin K (needed for clotting), gas (flatus) |
| The internal anal sphincter has what kind of muscle? | smooth |
| The external sphincter has what kind of muscle? | skeletal |
| A large continuous sheet of serous membrane that forms extensions that bind the abdominal organs together is called ? | peritoneum |
| What are the 2 layers of peritoneum? | parietal and visceral |
| Which of the 2 layers of the peritoneum (parietal and visceral) is the outer layer that is attached to the abdominal wall? | parietal |
| Which of the 2 layers of the peritoneum (parietal and visceral) is the inner layer wrapped around the internal organs inside the intraperitoneal cavity? | visceral |
| What organ has 4 lobes that also produces bile? | liver |
| Bile aids in the absorption of ? | fats |
| What 4 components are bile made from? | bile salts, bilirubin, bile pigments, cholesterol |
| What gives feces its color and also gives urine its color? | bilirubin metabolites |
| The liver filters blood from the intestines for ? | nutrients, toxins, drugs |
| What proteins are secreted into the blood by the liver? | albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen |
| Between meals, the liver breaks down __ to release glucose into the blood stream. | glycogen |
| What organ beneath the liver stores and concentrates the bile for later use? | gallbladder |
| The gallbladder sends stored bile into the __ to aid in absorbtion of fats. | duodenum |
| The pancreas creates various enzymes to aid ? | digestion |
| The pancreas has both __ and __ functions. | exocrine and endocrine |
| The beta cells of the pancreas secrete __ into the blood. | insulin |
| The pancreas has alpha cells that secrete __ into the blood. | glucagen |
| What are the 3 stages of deglutition (swallowing)? | oral stage, pharyngeal stage, esophageal stage |
| What regulates the digestion system and is called the "mini brain?" | enteric nervous system |
| Which teeth cut food? | incisors |
| Which teeth tear food? | canines |
| Which teeth grind food? | molars |
| The joint where teeth connect with the jaw are called ? | Gomphosis |
| The 3 basic layers of your teeth are called? | Crown, neck, root |
| The "dent" in your upper lip is called ? | philtrum |
| The oropharynx is just above the ? | epiglottis |
| The __ is between the epiglottis and the esophagus? | laryngopharynx |
| A rounded, semidigestible mass of food called a __ is moved from mouth to stomach when swallowing. | BOLUS |
| GERD stands for ? | Gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| The superior curvature of the stomach is called the ? | greater curvature |
| The inferior curvature of the stomach is called the ? | lesser curvature |
| Goblet cells in the stomach produce ? | mucous |
| Belly fat is called the ? | greater omentum |
| Gastric juices contain the enzyme called ? | pepsin |
| Pancreatic juices contain what 2 enzymes? | trypsin, chymotrypsin |
| Saliva contains what enzyme? | amylase |
| Bile contains ? | lecithin and bile salts |
| The sum total of intestinal secretions is called ? | intestinal juice |
| What 3 ingredients can be found in intestinal juice? | mucus, sodium bicarbonate, water |
| What 4 steps are involved in mechanical digestion? | mastication, deglutition, peristalsis, segmentation |
| What are the 3 stages of deglutition? | oral, pharyngeal, esophageal |
| Which stage of deglutition is: voluntary, the first stage. | oral |
| Which stage of deglutition is: involuntary, starts in the oropharynx? | pharyngeal |
| Which stage of deglutition is: involuntary, occurs in the esophagus, pushes the bolus toward the stomach? | esophageal |
| The muscles in esophagus push a bolus of food downward in a __ ripple. | wavelike |
| During segmentation, food is moved __ and __ until it is chopped up into small chunks. | backward and forward |
| The the mechanical process of digestion is complete, what process begins? | chemical digestion |
| __ glands are in gastric pits. | Gastric |
| What kind of cells protect the stomach lining? | mucous cells |
| HCl stands for __ which can be found in the stomach. | Hydrochloric acid |
| __ __ binds to vitamin B12 and aids in the absorption of B12. | Intrinsic factor |
| Chief cells secrete ? | pepsinogen |
| Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by ? | hydrochloric acid |
| Pepsin breaks down __ __ to breakdown proteins. | peptide bonds |
| Endocrine cells produce ? | hormones, like gastrin and ghrelin |
| The hormone ghrelin increases what? | appetite |
| What hormone regulates digestion? | gastrin |
| What kind of cells secrete gastrin, the hormone that regulate digestion? | Enteroendocrine cells or G cells |
| The duodenum secretes ? | secretin |
| Secretin stimulates the __ __ ducts and the __ ducts to secrete bicarbonate. | hepatic bile ducts and pancreatic ducts |
| CCK is secreted by the __. | duodenum |
| What does CCK stand for? | cholecystokinin |
| CCK relaxes what organ, which in turn allows pancreatic juice and bile to flow into the duodenum? | hepatopancreatic sphincter |
| CCK stimulates the contraction of what organ? | gallbladder |
| CCK stimulates secretion of the ? | pancreas |
| What else stimulates the gallbladder to contract and pancreas to secrete, but only half as strongly as CCK? | Gastrin from the stomach and duodenum |
| GIP stands for? | Gastric inhibitory peptide |
| GIP is formed by ? | intestinal mucosa cells |
| What does GIP (gastric inhibitory peptides) do? | Slows gastric secretion and movement |
| Why are gastric juices so acidic? | HCl |
| An acid has a very low ? | pH |
| What substance needs to be activated before it can become an enzyme? | proenzyme |
| The substance that an enzyme affects is called its ? | substrate |
| Words that end in -ase are usually ? | enzymes |
| Name 3 simple sugars, otherwise known as monosaccharides? | glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Name 3 double sugars, otherwise known as disaccharides? | sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| When combined, glucose and fructose become ? | sucrose |
| When combined, glucose and galactose become ? | lactose |
| When combined, glucose and and glucose become ? | maltose |
| Name 2 polysaccharides. | starch, glycogen |
| What helps things get in and out of a cell? | cotransporters |
| What 3 monosaccharides are absorbed by the villi into blood capillaries using contransporters? | glucose, galactose, fructose |
| 80% of carbohydrates are as ? | glucose |
| Amylase turns starch into ? | dissacharides |
| Maltase turns maltose into ? | glucose |
| Sucrase breaks sucrose down into ? | glucose and fructose |
| Lactase breaks lactose into what 2 sugars? | glucose and galactose |
| The goal of carbohydrate digestion is to turn polysaccharides into ? | monosaccharides |
| What kind of enzymes hydrolyze, or break down, proteins? | proteases |
| Chemical digestion of protein begins where? | the stomach |
| Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody that can be found in mother's ? | breast milk |
| IgA plays a key role in __ reactions. | allergic |
| Proteases convert, or hydrolyze, proteins into ? | amino acids |
| What substance emulsifies fat? | lecithin |
| What substance hydrolyzes fat? | lipase |
| Lecithin can be found in ? | bile |
| When lecithin covers fat droplets, if creates structures on the surface of the fat called ? | Micelles |
| What coats the lipid with protein and cholesterol to form chylomicron? | Golgi |
| Nucleosidases and phosphatases convert nucleotides into what 3 things? | sugars, phosphates, nitrogenous bases |
| Nucleases come from the ? | pancreas |
| Nucleases hydrolyze nucleic acids into ? | nucleotides |
| What soluble vitamins are absorbed by a process called ? | diffusion, which requires water |
| Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed with ? | lipids, or fats |
| Potassium (K+) increases as water is ? | absorbed |
| What does calcium need in order to be absorbed? | Vitamin D |
| 90% of water is absorbed in the ? | small intestine |
| 10% of water is absorbed in the ? | large intestine |
| What 2 substances are absorbed directly in the stomach before they even reach the intestines? | aspirin, alcohol |
| What 5 things are absorbed in the colon? | sodium, potassium, acids, gases, water |
| Everything else is absorbed in the ? | small intestine |
Created by:
IsaacJ
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