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A&P2 Respiratory Pr
A&P2 Practice for Respiratory DelTech Owens
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ventilation of the lungs, exchange of gases, and aerobic respiration are all achieved through __. | Respiration |
| Exchange of gases in the lungs occurs in 2 ways: __ respiration and __ respiration. | internal and external |
| Aerobic cellular respiration is different from breathing. This refers to cellular __. | metabolism |
| Cellular metabolism refers to the production of ? | energy within the cells |
| Aerobic cellular respiration requires __ and produces __. | O2 CO2 |
| There are 5 forms of protection for the respiratory system in the human body. They are ? | mucous membranes, reflexes, tonsils, bones, cartilages and muscles |
| Mucous membranes have __ that push objects out of the respiratory system. | cilia |
| Besides the cilia, what other methods are available to the body to push out objects that don't belong? | Coughing and sneezing reflexes |
| The 3 bones that protect the respiratory system from injury in the chest are called ? | sternum, ribs, scapulae |
| The upper respiratory tract consists of what 5 parts? | Fauces, nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx |
| The mouth is referred to as the oral cavity or the ? | fauces |
| The nose is involved in our sense of smell and the pronouncing of words. The pronouncing of words is also called ? | phonation |
| The nostrils are also called ? | nares |
| The external nose consists of what 3 parts? | bones, cartilage, nares |
| The internal nose is divided by a ? | septum |
| The septum of the internal nose consists of the __ and the __. | ethmoid, vomer |
| The paranasal sinuses consist of what 4 parts? | frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid |
| The paranasal sinuses drain from the __ ducts into the __. | lacrimal ducts, pharynx |
| The pharynx basically refers to the throat. What are the 3 basic areas of the pharynx? | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| The pharynx has 5 openings. What are they? | fauces, larynx, esophagus, internal nares, eustachian tubes |
| What are the 3 pairs of tonsils in the pharynx? | pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), palantine tonsils, lingual tonsils |
| The voice box is really called the __. | larynx |
| What are the 2 main functions of the larynx? | Protects windpipe/trachea, sound production. |
| What are the 3 cartilages of the larynx we are required to know? | thyroid cartilage (adam's apple), epiglottic cartilage, cricoid cartilage |
| The vocal cords, or folds, are found in the ? | glottis |
| The superior vocal cords, or folds, are known as the ? | false vocal cords |
| The inferior vocal cords, or folds, are known as the ? | true vocal cords |
| The false, or superior, vocal cords protect the true vocal cords. What else do the false vocal cords do? | Keep true vocal cords moist. |
| What organ protects food and liquids from entering the trachea by covering it and only moving during swallowing? | epiglottis |
| What diameter is the trachea? | 2.5 cm, or 1 inch |
| What do you call the point where the trachea splits into 2 bronchi? | carina |
| Of the 2 bronchi, which is more vertical and so catches foreign objects? | right |
| Why is the left bronchi more horizontal than the right bronchi? | Placement of the heart. |
| Both bronchi are elastic and cartilaginous, with a __ membrane. | mucous |
| How many secondary bronchi are there? | five |
| How many secondary bronchi are on the right? | three |
| Unlike the trachea, the secondary bronchi have no cartilage rings. How do they stay protected? | plates |
| How many tertiary bronchi are there? | eighteen |
| How many tertiary bronchi are on the left side? | eight |
| How many tertiary bronchi are on the right side? | ten |
| The __ branch off from the tertiary bronchi. | bronchioles |
| What is the diameter of the bronchioles? | 1mm |
| The bronchioles branch into 50-80 __. | terminal bronchioles |
| The terminal bronchioles branch into ? | two or more respiratory bronchioles |
| The respiratory bronchioles branch into 2-10 __ ducts and end in __ sacs. | alveolar ducts, end in alveolar sacs. |
| Alveoli means ? | little air sacs |
| Alveoli have a __ __ __ for diffusion. | simple squamous epithelium |
| Each aveolus is surrounded by a basket of __ __ fed by pulmonary arteries. | blood capillaries |
| Each aveolus has increased __ __ for gas exchanges to take place. | surface area |
| Blood "trades" __ __ for oxygen in the alveoli. | carbon dioxide |
| What is the fluid that coats the inner surface of the alveoli called? | surfactant |
| A surfactant helps reduce ? | surface tension |
| The surfactant in your alveoli prevents the alveoli from collapsing and __ __ during air movement. | sticking shut |
| The inflatable organs of the respiratory system are called ? | lungs |
| The lungs can be found in the __ cavity. | thoracic |
| The __ can be found in the thoracic cavity as well. | heart and mediastinum |
| The right lung has __ lobes. | three |
| How many lobes does the left lung have? | two |
| The area of the lung where blood vessels and bronchi enter is called? | hilum |
| The __ maintain negative pressure and inflate the lungs. | pleurae |
| The space between the layers of the pleurae is called the ? | pleural cavity |
| What is the pleural cavity filled with? | pleural fluid |
| The pleural fluid provides __ __ and lubrication to the lungs. | negative pressure |
| The serous membrane has 2 layers, which are ? | visceral (organ layer) and parietal |
| Breathing, the movement of gases in and out of the respiratory system, is called __. | ventilation (NOT respiration) |
| Respiration is a function of cellular metabolism that produces __ within the cells. It requires oxygen and produces CO2. | energy |
| Involuntary regulation of breathing is controlled by what 2 organs? | medulla and pons |
| What does the medulla control with regard to involuntary breathing? | Hering-Breuer reflexes. |
| The Hering–Breuer inflation reflex is a reflex triggered to prevent __ of the lungs and initiates inspiration. | over-inflation |
| What does the pons control with regard to involuntary breathing? | Rhythm of breathing. |
| Pneumotaxic center of the pons initiates __. | panting or fast breathing |
| The apneustic center of the pons initiates __ __ __. | slow deep breaths |
| Voluntary breathing is controlled by the ? | Frontal lobe motor cortex |
| The frontal lobe motor cortex, which controls voluntary breathing, is involved in what 4 actions? | breathing, speaking, singing, holding breath |
| The pressure exerted on everything by the atmosphere is called ? | atmospheric pressure |
| What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level? | 760mm Hg (Hg=mercury) |
| Pressure within the pulmonary system or the lungs is called ? | intrapulmonary pressure |
| Pressure exerted upon body parts by air in the bronchi and alveoli is called ? | intrapulmonary pressure |
| The pressure within the pleural cavity is called ? | intrapleural pressure |
| Normal pressure in the intrapleural cavity is really negative pressure, which is ? | less than atmospheric pressure, or less than 760 mm Hg |
| If the intrapleural pressure and atmospheric pressure equalize, what will happen to the lungs? | collapse |
| What is Boyle's Law? | The volume of gas and the pressure it is under have an inverse relationship. |
| As gas volume increases, gas pressure decreases. This summarizes what law? | Boyle's Law |
| The medulla sends impulses to the __ and __ nerves during inspiration. | phrenic and intercostal |
| When the phrenic and intercostal nerves transmit signals from the medulla during inspiration, where do the nerve signals go? | To the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. |
| When the diaphragm contracts, it moves - or pulls - in what direction? | Down |
| When the lungs inflate, the enlarged volume decreases intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures. Why does this happen? | Boyle's Law (If the volume increases, the pressure must decrease.) |
| During expiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles __. | Relax |
| During expiration, intrapulmonic pressure __ as the volume of the lungs decreases. | increases |
| Air flows out of the respiratory tract until intrapulmonic and atmospheric pressures are ? | equal |
| What is Dalton's Law? | The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. |
| What is the respiration/carbon dioxide equation? | C6H12O6+6O2 --> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP |
| Concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is __%. | 21 |
| Oxygen's pressure in the atmosphere is __mm Hg. | 159.6mm Hg |
| What is Henry's Law? | The amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in the air. |
| Diffusion is ? | the passive transport of molecules. |
| Internal respiration is ? | the exchange of gases between blood and tissues at the capillaries. |
| External respiration is ? | the exchange of gases between the blood and air in the alveoli? |
| Oxygen is not very __ in water. | soluble |
| How much dissolved oxygen is carried in blood plasma? | 1.5% |
| Oxygen is transported in the blood (not the plasma) bound to __. | hemoglobin |
| Once oxygen has bonded to hemoglobin, the resulting compound is called ? | oxyhemoglobin |
| How much of the body's oxygen is transported via the hemoglobin in our red blood cells? | 98.5% |
| Higher temperatures give molecules more energy so they can move ? | Faster |
| Oxygen likes to move ? | Freely |
| Decreased __ promotes the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. | pH |
| Increase partial pressure of carbon dioxide promotes oxygen ? | dissociation |
| Decreased partial pressure of oxygen promotes oxygen ? | dissociation |
| More oxygen being unloaded from RBCs due to low pH or an increase in carbon dioxide is a result of the __ effect. | Bohr effect |
| If the amount of oxyhemoglobin is decreased in the blood, then hemoglobin can bind more ? | hydrogen ion or carbon dioxide |
| The tendency of hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide to bind more readily to hemoglobin if the amount of oxyhemoglobin is decreased is a result of the __ effect. | Haldane |
| Carbon dioxide is __ times more soluble in water than is oxygen. | twenty |
| When carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin, the resulting compound is called ? | carbaminohemoglobin |
| What percentage of the total carbon dioxide in the body is carbaminohemoglobin? | 23% |
| Seventy percent of the body's carbon dioxide is carried as ? | bicarbonate ions |
| Seven percent of the body's carbon dioxide is dissolved in ? | blood plasma |
| The most important buffer for maintaining the body's acid-base balance in the blood is the ? | carbonic-acid - bicarbonate buffer |
| The amount of air that flows in or out during each ventilation of the lungs is called the ? | tidal air volume |
| The amount of air forcibly inhaled into the lungs is called the ? | inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
| The amount of air forcibly exhaled from the lungs is called ? | expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
| A person's total vital capacity can be found by ? | Adding up the person's tidal air, IRV, and ERV. |
| The amount of air remaining in the lung after tidal air and ERV is called (exhalation) ? | residual volume |
| Air left in the alveoli is called ? | minimal air |
Created by:
IsaacJ
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