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bio1010c exam2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| prokaryotic cell | lack a membrane bound nucleus, cell wall outside of plasma membrane, do not contain ribosomes |
| what affects rate of diffusion through cell membranes | size polarity substrate concentration temperature ph distance |
| 4 major features of all cells | nucleoid or nucleus with DNA cytoplasm ribosomes plasma membrane |
| rough ER | synthesis of proteins to be secreted |
| 3 domains of life | bacteria archaea eukarya |
| function for vacuoles in plant cells | central vacuoles - store water, food and waste contractile vacuoles - osmoregulation |
| components of cytoskeleton | microfilaments (actin filaments) microtubules intermediate filaments |
| different apparatuses which aid in cellular movement | some cells crawl using actin microfilaments, flagella and cilia have 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules |
| components of the extracellular matrix | animal cells lack cell walls secrete an elaborate mixture of glycoproteins collagen abundant form a protective layer over the cell surface integrins link ecm to cells cytoskeleton |
| 4 major components of the cell membrane | phospholipid bilayer transmembrane proteins interior protein network cell surface markers |
| structure of a phospholipid bilayer | consists of - glycerol 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol phosphate group attached to glycerol forms bilayer - fatty acids on inside phosphate groups on both surfaces |
| 6 classes of membrane proteins and function | transporter enzyme cell surface receptor cell surface identity marker cell to cell adhesion attachment to the cytoskeleton |
| osmosis | hypotonic - solution has a lower solute concentration hypertonic - solution has a higher solute concentration isotonic - 2 solutions have the same osmotic concentration |
| aquaporin | membrane channel that allows water to cross membrane |
| contractile vacuoles | in protists and some animals a clear fluid filled vacuole that takes up water from within the cell then contracts releasing it to the outside through a pore |
| uniporters | move one molecule at a time |
| symporters | move two molecules in the same direction |
| antiporters | move two molecules in opposite directions |
| phagosytosis | cell takes in particulate matter (cell eating) |
| pinocytosis | cell takes in only fluid (cell drinking) |
| endocytosis | specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor |
| exocytosis | movement of substances out of cell |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| oxidation | atom or molecule loses an electron in electron transport chain electrons are passed to a molecule of oxygen |
| reduction | atom or molecule gains an electron higher level of energy than oxidized form |
| redox reactions | reactions always paired |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed can only change from one form to another total amount of energy in the universe remains constant during each conversion, some energy is lost as heat. heat is a measure of random motion of molecules |
| second law of thermodynamics | concerns the transformation of potential energy into heat (random molecular motion) entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing Energy transformations proceed spontaneously to convert matter from a more ordered to less ordered |
| endergonic reaction | change of free energy is positive not spontaneous, requires input of energy |
| exergonic reaction | change of free energy is negative spontaneous |
| activation energy | extra energy required to destabilize existing bonds and initiate a chemical reaction |
| catalysts | substances that influence chemical bonds in a way that lowers activation energy |
| free energy | energy available to do work G |
| enthalpy | energy in a molecule’s chemical bonds H |
| entropy | unavailable energy S |
| components of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | ribose adenine chain of 3 phosphates |
| ribozymes - intramolecular catalysis | catalyze reaction on RNA molecule itself |
| ribozymes - intermolecular catalysis | RNA acts on another enzyme molecule like a switch |
| active site of enzymes | pockets or clefts for substrate binding |
| allosteric site of enzymes | place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate may bind, thus changing the shape of the enzyme and influencing its ability to be active |
| factors that affect enzyme function | temperature pH concentration |
| types of enzyme inhibition | competitive inhibitor - competes with substrate for active site non-competitive inhibitor - binds to enzyme at a site other than active site (allosteric site) |
| metabolism | total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism |
| anabolism | expend energy to build up molecules |
| catabolism | harvest energy by breaking down molecules |
| eukaryotic cell | membrane bound nucleus, compartmentalization, cytoskeleton |
| smooth ER | fatty acid synthesis, store Ca2+, detoxification |
Created by:
teresas2345
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