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Heart Terms
A&P II Heart Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atria | Two superior receiving chambers of heart separated by interatrial septum. |
| Auricles | Anterior ear-shaped pouches in the Atria that Increase atrial volume. Pass blood to ventricles. |
| Right Atrium | Receives blood from coronary sinus, superior and inferior vena cava. |
| Left Atrium | Receives blood from the right and left pulmonary veins. |
| Atrial fibrillation | Rapid irregular twitchings of atrial muscle that result in cessation of atrial pumping. |
| Atrioventricular Valves | Two valves that prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles are contracting |
| Chordae tendineae | Attached to the cusps of the atrioentricular valves and papillary muscles in ventricles |
| Papillary muscles in the ventricles include: | Tricuspid valve between right atrium and right ventricle of heart and bicuspid valve between left atrium and left ventricle of heart |
| Blood circulation | Course of blood from heart thru ateries, capillaries, veins, and back to heart. |
| Three Pathways of blood circulation | Coronary circulation, pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation |
| Coronary circulation | supplies the myocardium, blood flows from ascending aorta thru coronary arteries and capillaries and returns thru cardiac veins and coronary sinus to right atrium. |
| pulmonary circulation | deoxygenated blood flows from right ventricle thru pulmonary arteries to capillaries of lungs and oxygenated blood returns thru pulmonary veins to left atrium |
| Systemic circulation | oxygenated blood flows from left ventricle to aorta and thru ateries to capillaries of body and deoxygenated blood returns thru veins and superior and inferior vena cava to right atrium. |
| Bradycardia | Abnormally slow resting heartbeat or pulse rate under 50 beats per minute. |
| Cardiac arrest | Complete cessation of cardiac activity |
| Cardiac centers | Nuclei of reticular formation in medulla oblongata regulate the heart. (cardioacceleratory center) and (cardioinhibitory center) |
| cardioacceleratory center | Innervates the SA and AV nodes, myocardium and coronary arteries through the sympathetic division of the ANS. |
| Cardioinhibitory center | Sends inhibitory nerve impulses to the SA and AV nodes thru the parasympathetic division of the ANS. |
| Cardiac conduction system | System of specialized myocardial conducting cells that transmit electirical impluses to heart muscle. Aka(intrinsic conduting system of heart. |
| Cardiac contractility | measure of cardiac pump performance |
| Cardiac cycle | Complete heartbeat consisting of systole (contraction) and diastole(relaxation) of both atria and both ventricles with intervals in between |
| Cardiac output(CO) | Amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute. CO=SV(stroke volume)X HR(heart rate) |
| Cardiac reserve | Difference between resting cardiac output and maximal cardial ouput |
| Cerebrovascular accident(CVA)=(stroke) | Destruction of brain tissue(infarction) resulting from impairment of cerebral circulation. Third most common cause of death in USA. |
| Corornary artery disease | Condition such as atherosclerosis that causes narrowing of coronary arteries so that blood flow to heart is reduced resulting in coronary heart disease |
| Cornary heart disease (CHD) | Heart muscle receives inadequate blood flow due to an interruption of its blood supply. |
| coronary sinus and cardiac veins | Drains blood from the coronary circluation and retuns it to the right atrium. |
| Coronary sulcus(aka atrioventricular groove) | A groove on outer surface of the heart that encircles the junction of atria and ventricles. |
| Diastole | In the cardiac cycle, the phase of relaxation or dilaiton of heart muscles, especially ventricles. |
| Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) | Force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation. Lowest blood pressured measured in large arteries |
| Ductus arteriosus | Fetal heart structure. Connects pulmonary trunk to aortic arch which acts like a shunt to allow fetal blood to bypass the lungs. Closes after birth and fibrous remnanats are called ligamentum arteriosum. |
| Electrocardiogram | Graphic record of hearts electrical activity. 1st P wave, 2nd QRS complex, 3rd T wave |
| P wave | represents atrial depolarization |
| QRS complex | Represents ventricular depolarizaiton |
| T wave | represents ventricular repolarization |
| Fibrous skeleton of heart | Complex framework of fibrous tissue that anchors cardiac muscle fibers, supports heart valves and optingings to great vessels, and actas as an electrical insulator to limit the spread of action potentials to specific paths. |
| Formamen Ovale | Fetal heart structure. An opening in the interatrial septum that allows blood entering the right atrium to flow directly into the left atrium. Closes after birth. remnants are oval depression on lower part of septum of right atrium(fossa ovalis) |
| Frank-Starling law of heart | Greater volume blood in heart during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole. |
| Heart block | Impaiared transmission of electrical impulses from atria to ventricles, resulting in dysrhythmia |
| First-degree heart block | prolongation of AV conduction time(PR interval) |
| Second-degree heart block | some atrial impulses fail to reach the ventricles, some ventricular beats are missing |
| third-degree herat block | complete atrioventricular dissociation occurs, atria and ventricles beat independently. |
| Heart rate(HR) | The number of beats per minute (bpm) for the heart |
| Heart wall and coverings | Consists of three layers:Myocardium, epicardium, parietal layer |
| Myocardium | Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle tissue. bulk of heart |
| Epicardium | Visceral layer of the serous pericardium that covers the external surface of the heart |
| Parietal layer | serous pericardium lines the internal surface of fibrous pericardium, superficial layer of heart that protects anchors and prevents overfilling |
| Endocardium | Endothelial membrane that lines interior of heart chambers and is continuous with endothelial ling of blood vessels. |
| Interventricular sulcus | Groove on surface of heart marking location of septum between tow ventricles |
| Myocardial infarction (MI) | Prolonged blockage of coronary blood flow that causes necrosis of myocardial tissue. Most common cause of death in USA. (aka heart attack) |
| Semilunar valves | The two valves that prevent blood return back to the ventricles after systole (contraction). Rigid, remain closed mostly. Consists of 3 semilunar cusps. |
| Aortic valve | Semilunar cusp between left ventricle and ascending aorta.(aka left SL valve) |
| Pulmonary valve | Semilunar cusp between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk(aka right SL valve) |
| Stroke volume(SV) | amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle during one contraction. SV=EDV(end diastolic volume)-ESV(end systolic volume) |
| Systole | In cardiac cycle, contraction of heart muscle, expecially ventricles |
| Systolic blood pressure | Force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction; Highest blood pressure measured in large arteries, 120 mm HG |
| Tachycardia | An abnormally rapid, resting heartbeat or pulse rate, over 100 beats per minute |
| Veins | Vessels that carry blood toward the heart |
| Ventricules | Two inferior discharging chambers of heart separated internally by interventriculr septum |
| Ventricular afterload | Back pressure exerted by aorta and pulmonary trunk that ventricles must overcome to eject blood |
| Ventricular fibrillation | Rapid irregular twitchings of ventricular muscle. Causes heart failure and death unless reversed by defibrillation. |
| Ventricular preload | Degree of stretch muscles in ventricles prior to contracton. |
| Angina Pectoris | Severe suffocating chest pain. Caused by brief lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle. |
Created by:
kimartin1
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