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tumor presentation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Benign tumor vs malignant tumor | A. Benign tumors tend to be slow growing, well circumscribed, distinct, and mobile. B. Malignant tumors are usually rapid growing, poorly circumscribed, infiltrative, and fixed to surrounding tissues and local structures. determine kind b4 biopsy/excis |
| Characteristics of Benign tumor | 1. Organized growth 2. Uniform nuclei 3. Low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio 4. Minimal mitotic activity 5. Lack of invasion (of basement membrane or local tissue) 6. No metastatic potential |
| Characteristic of malignant tumor | Disorganized growth (loss of polarity) 2. Nuclear pleomorphism and hyperchromasia 3. High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio 4. High mitotic activity with atypical mitosis 5. Invasion (through basement membrane or into local tissue) |
| the absolute distinction between Malignant and benign tumor | benign do not metastasize |
| what is immunohistochemistry? | use antibodies to determine the type of protiens in the tissue. and can eventually tell the type of cancer |
| Keratin is a sign of ? | Epithelium- carcinoma |
| Vinemtin is a sign of ? | Mesenchyme -sarcome |
| Desmin is a sign of | Muscle |
| GFAP is a sign og | Neuroglia |
| Neurofilament | Neuron |
| PSA tests for | Prostatic epitheliem |
| ER estrogen receptor stain | Breast epithelium |
| Thyroglobulin | Thyroid follicular cells |
| Chromogranin | Neuroendcrine cells(Poorly defrentiated:small cell carcinoma of the lung, Cleanly deff: carcinoid tumor) |
| S-100 | Melanoma |
| what are SERUM TUMOR MARKERS ? | A. Proteins released by tumor into serum (e.g., PSA) B. Useful for screening, monitoring response to treatment, and monitoring recurrence C. Elevated levels require tissue biopsy for diagnosis of carcinoma (e.g., biopsy of prostate with elevated PSA). |
| gRADING OF CANCER | how much a cancer resembles the tissue in which it grows); takes into account architectural and nuclear features Well differentiated (low grade)- like parent Poorly differentiated (high grade)- unlike parent For prognosis=> well better than poor |
| Staging of cancer | Key prognostic factor; more important than grade TNM staging system 1. T - tumor (size and/or depth of invasion) 2. N-spread to regional lymph nodes; second most important prognostic factor 3. M-metastasis; single most important prognostic factor |
Created by:
atayal
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