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Growth Adaptation

QuestionAnswer
Define growth adaptations An organ is at homeostasis WITH physiological stress. but if there is an increase of a decrease or change in stress... the organ adapts to it.(growth adaptations)
What is Hypertrophy? Increase in stress level --> increase in the size of the organ. It involves gene activation, protien synthesis and production of organelles which leads to an increase in the size of the cells. Generally occurs together with hyperplasia.
What is hyperplasia? Due to the stress on an organ there is an increase in the size of the organ. In hyperplasia there is an increase in the number of cells. This occurs due to production of new cells from stem cells. It generally occurs together with hypertrophy.
hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur together but think of types of tissue where only one occurs and not the other.? Permanent tissues (e.g., cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and nerve), however, cannot make new cells(no new stem cells) and undergo hypertrophy only. For example, cardiac myocytes undergo hypertrophy, not hyperplasia, in response to systemic hypertension
What is pathologic hyperplasia? its one where it becomes so severe due to some pathology that it leads to dysplasia and --> cancer.eg: endometrial hyperplasia (EXCEPTION:benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which does not increase the risk for prostate cancer, although still patalogical
give a non pathological example where Hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur together when a woman is pregnant, the uterus increases in size for the baby. IT does this into ways- smooth muscles have hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
Left ventrical is very thick and the right ventrical is thin. What is the mechanism that has caused it? This method is called hypertrophy because the heart cannot under go hyperplasia as the heart muscles are permanent cells and do not grow again due to lack of stem cells.
What is atrophy? A decrease in stress (e.g., decreased hormonal stimulation, disuse, or decreased nutrients/blood supply) leads to a decrease in organ size (atrophy). Occurs via a decrease in the size and number of cells
In atrophy how does cell number decrease when cell stress decreases? Apoptsis
In atrophy how does cell size decrease when cell stress decreases? ubiquitin-proleosome degradation, interm filaments of the cytoskeleton are "tagged" w/ ubiquitin & destroyed by proteosomes. Autophagy of cell involves generation of autophagic vacuoles that fuse w/ lysosomes whose hydrolytic enzymes kill cell
What is metaplasia? When there is a change in stress on the cell then the cell changes its cell type to better able to handle stress. Eg: Epithelium(lines body surface)- three types(squamous, columnar, or transitional)
An example of Metaplasia is Baretts esophagus. Describe what happens in this Esophagus has nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium due to Acid reflux causes metaplasia to nonciliated, mucin-making columnar cell.Its reversible, but can progress to dysplasia and cancer. EXCEPTION>> apocrine metaplasia of breast,no risk for cancer
An example of Metaplasia is Vit A def. Describe what happens in this In vitamin A deficiency, the thin squamous lining of the conjunctiva undergoes metaplasia into stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium. Its change is called keratomalacia.
What is dysplasia Disordered cellular growth proliferation of precancerous cells Often arises from longstanding pathologic hyperplasia or metaplasia Dysplasia is reversible If stress persists, dysplasia progresses to carcinoma (irreversible).
What is aplasia? Aplasia is failure of cell production during enibryogenesis (e.g., unilateral renal agenesis),
what is Hypoplasia? Hypoplasia is a decrease in cell production during embryogenesis, resulting in a relatively small organ (e.g., streak ovary in Turner syndrome).
Created by: atayal
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