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Biology 4 and 5
Biology Chapters 4 and 5 Test
| Term/Answer | Description |
|---|---|
| cell | a membrane-bound structure that is the basic unit of life. |
| cell membrane | the lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell. |
| states that (1) all living things are made up of cells, (2) cells are the basic unit of organisms, and that (3) cells come only from existing cells. | cell theory |
| cell wall | a rigid structure that surrounds to cells of plants, fungi, many protists, and many bacteria. |
| chloroplast | plastid containing clorophyl; the site of photosynthesis. |
| chromatin | the DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a dividing cell. |
| chromosome | DNA and protein in a coiled, rod shaped form that occurs during cell division. |
| cilium | a short, hairlike organelle that extends from a cell and functions in locamotion or in the movement of substances across the cell surface. |
| cytoplasm | the region of a cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus. |
| cytoskeleton | a network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps maintain the shape and size of a eukaryotic cell. |
| eukaryote | a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. |
| flagellum | a hairlike structure made up of microtubules that function in locamotion. |
| membrane | the lipid bilayer that forms the outside of the cell. |
| nucleus | the organelle that contains most of the DNA and directs most of the cell’s activity. |
| prokaryote | a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. |
| carrier protein | a protein that transports specific substances across a biological membrane. |
| concentration gradient | the difference in concentration of a substance across a space. |
| diffusion | the process by which molecules move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. |
| equilibrium | a state that exists when the concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space. |
| facilitated diffusion | a process by which substances move down their concentration gradient across the cell membrane with the assistance of carrier proteins. |
| hypertonic | describing a solution whose solute concentration is higher than that inside a cell. |
| hypotonic | describing a solution whose solute concentration is lower than that inside a cell. |
| ion channel | a membrane protein that provides a passageway across the cell membrane through which an ion can diffuse. |
| isotonic | describing a solution whose solute concentration equals that inside a cell. |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. |
| passive transport | the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of cell energy. |
| endocytosis | the process by which a cell surrounds and engulfs substances. |
| turgor pressure | water pressure within a plant cell. |
| active transport | the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient; requires the cell to expend energy. |
| exocytosis | a process in which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the external environment. |
| phagocytosis | a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells. |
| pinocytosis | a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs solutes or fluids. |
| sodium-potassium pump | a carrier protein that actively transports K+ ions into and Na+ ions out of cells |
| vesicle | a membrane-bound sac in a eukaryotic cell that contians materials involved in endocytosis, or transport within the cell. |
| the concentration of molecules to be the same throughout a space. This state is equilibrium. | In the absence of other influences diffusion will eventually cause... |
| Carrier proteins | These aid in moving molecules (that are not soluble in lipids or are too large) across the cell membrane. |
| Facilitated diffusion and diffusion through ion channels | Both of these aid in the passive transport of molecules that are not soluble in water through the cell membrane. |
| Kinetic Energy | Active transport requires this, passive transport does not |
| pumps ; concentration gradients. | Carrier proteins in active transport serve as ______ because they move substances up their _______ _______ |
| ATP | What provides the energy that drives the sodium-potassium pump? |
| exocytosis, cytoplasm, cell membrane | During _______ , vesicles in the ________ fuse with the __________ , releasing their contents into the cell’s external environment. |
| Phospholipid Bilayer , proteins | The _______ containing ______ makes up the cell membrane. |
| Hydrophilic, polar | The phosphate head is ______ and _____ |
| lipid tail, hydrophobic | The _______ _______ is nonpolar and ___________ |
| concentration gradient | No energy is required when water is moving "down" a _______ _________. |
| hypertonic | If you place a cell in a __________ environment, it will lose water. |
| hypotonic | If you place a cell in a __________ environment, it will gain water. |
| contractile vacuole | The _______ _________ pumps water out of the cell |
| diffuse, equilibrium | Molecules are in constant motion and ________ until ________ is reached. |
| equilibrium | Random movement of molecules continues even when __________ is reached. |
| lipids, diffusion | If a substance is soluble in ________ it can pass through the cell membrane through __________. |
| small, pores | Substances that are very ________, but not soluble in lipids, may pass through __________ in the membrane through diffusion. |
| size, type of molecule, chemical makeup | Movement across the membrane depends on these three things: |
| fresh water, gain, contractile vacuole | Parmecium live in a ____ _____ environment and tends to ______ water. They have a _________ _________to pump water out of a cell. |
| root tip cells | Water moves into _______ ______ cells through osmosis. |
| cell wall made of cellulose | Plant cells do not burst when they fill with water because they have a..... |
| plasmolysis | It is the shrinking or wilting of a walled cell in a hypertonic environment; the cell loses water and decreases turgor pressure. |
| cytolysis | when a cell bursts |
| fluid-mosaic | The ______ model of the cell shows the phosholipid bilayer. |
| polar, solvent` | Water is an example of a _______ molecule, and is the universal ________. |
| mitachondria | the site of cellular respiration. ATP is produced, "powerhouse of the cell" |
| ribosome | site of protein synthesis |
| endoplasmic reticulum | modifies proteins, transports materials from one area of the cell to another |
| rough | A ______ ER has ribosomes. |
| smooth | A ____ ER does not have ribosomes. |
| golgi apparatus | processes and packages |
| lysosomes | contain digestive enzymes - break down toxins, old cell parts, and other substances. |
| microfilaments and microtubules | involved in support, movement, and cell division |
| cilia and flagella | locomotion, moves matter |
| nucleus | stores hereditary information (DNA), and is the control center of the cell. |
| nucleolus | ribosomes are synthesized and partially assembled here |
| cell wall | supports and protects the cell |
| vacuole | store enzymes and waste products |
| plastid | stores food or pigments |
| chloroplasts | An example of a plastid |
| 17th | The microscope was developed in the early ____ centrury. |
| Hooke | 1665 - Named cells after looking at cork. |
| Van Leeuwenhoek | 1673 - first to observe living cells |
| Schleiden | 1838 - All plants made of cells |
| Schwann | 1839 - All animals made of cells |
| Virchow | 1855 - Cells come only from other cells |
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