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BIOL3219, Sandie L04
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Central point of lecture 4? | Present-day distributions of coral reef biota retain signatures of these global events that happened in the geological past. Can we use these signatures to reconstruct evolutionary histories coral reef biota. |
| For case study #1: biogeographic origin of reef fish families what is the reef fish family of interest? | Scaridae (parrot fish). They are the adundant and beautiful herbivores of algal turfs on coral reefs. They are abundant and significant bioeroders on coral reefs. |
| Question of interest: Did scarids (parrot fish) originate and diversify on coral reefs? | No, parrot fish originated elsewhere. Complex reef habitats can support diverse fauna moving in from non-‐reef habitats. They first ancestor originated as non-reef (seagrass) genera. |
| What is the influence of past geological events on regional distribution of coral reef biota? | Current regional distribution of coral reef biota is strongly affected by past geological events. |
| Where are the present regions of major coral growth? | 1. Indo-Pacific 2. Red Sea 3. Western Atlantic … collectively called the IndoPacific region |
| What does the distribution of Bulla spp reveal? | The plate tectonic events of the past 50 million years, in particular, have greatly influenced current distributions of coral reef-associated biota. |
| For case study #3: Biogeographic diversity of reef fishes, are the fish assemblages from the Indo-Pacific (GBR), Red Sea and Caribbean comparable? | A study from Bellwood & Wainwright 2002 compares the number species in each fish family for the three regions. The strongest similarities are between GBR and the red sea. |
| Where is the world's largest marine biogeographic area? | The tropical Indo‐Pacific is the world’s largest marine biogeographic area of any kind. At least 50% of the world's coral reefs occur in the central Indo‐Pacific. |
| Why do most of the world’s coral reefs occur in the central Indo-Pacific? | The tropical west and central Pacific has thousands of islands – the greatest number in any region of the world. This means there is lots of marginal zones for coral growth. |
| What is significant about the “Ring of Fire”? | The Indo-Pacific Region is part of the “Ring of Fire”. The “Ring of Fire” hosts 75% of the worlds most active volcanoes which are concentrated along boundary zones between continental plates. |
| What is the global distribution of active marine volcano arcs? | Intra-oceanic arcs are commonly submarine. Island arcs have more submarine volcanoes. Tens of thousands of underwater volcanoes exist as seamounts. |
| What is the best known marine volcanic arc? | Emperor Seamount Chain. Includes the Emperor Ridge at the northern end (65 my old), and the Hawaiian Ridge down to Hawaii (~0.4 my old) |
| What is the relevance of seamounts? | Tens of thousands of underwater volcanoes exist as seamounts. Recent international exploration have programs have uncovered tremendous diversity on these seamounts |
| Why are deep sea habitats important? | Deep sea habitats may act as 'refuges' from which shallow reefs could be recognised. |
| Where are the most diverse coral reefs in Indo-Pacific region. | Within the vast Indo-Pacific region, the coral reefs of the Indo-Malay Triangle are the most diverse. There are 500-600 spp of hermatypic corals in the IMT and 60 spp in west Atlantic. |
| Marine biodiversity hotspots have existed through geological time, but have moved around. Where is the current marine diversity hotspot? | The Indo-Malay Triangle (coral triangle) is the current marine hotspot. It covers only 1% of the earth surface but... - has >75% of the hermatypic coral spp - has 35% of coral reef fish app - 75% of all known mollusc species |
| What area is covered by the IMT? | - Includes Sabah, Malaysia's most easterly state - Includes the entire Philippines - Sulawesi, in Indonesia, lies right at the heart - The Solomon's are the most easterly point |
| What specific area has the world's most diverse marine habitat. | Raja Ampat, on the west coast of West Papua, currently holds the title of the world's most diverse marine habitat. |
| What is Wallacea? | Wallacea is the region between Wallace's line and New Guinea. |
| What is Wallace's line? | Wallace's line is a hypothetical faunal boundary line between Bornea and Sulawesi, drawn in 1876 by naturalist Alfred Russell Wallace It marks the boundaries between the Oriental and Australian zoogeographical regions. |
| Where is Wallace's line currently placed? | Wallace's line is now placed along the continental shelf of Southeast Asia, east of the islands of Borneo, Bali, and the Philippines. West of the line are Asiatic species, while right of the line is a mixture of species of Asiatic and Australian origin. |
| Why is the Indo-Malay Triangle rich in endemic species, both on land and in the sea. | Three NON-EXCLUSIVE theories have been proposed. 1. Centre of overlap 2. Centre of accumulation 3. Centre of origin |
| What is the "centre of overlap" theory? | The high diversity results from an overlap of species from Indian and Pacific basins. |
| What is the "centre of accumulation" theory? | Speciation occured in isolation beyond the periphery of the IMT region. The species accumulate in the IMT via surface currents and from refuges during times of low sea level. |
| What is the "centre of origin" theory? | Allopatric speciation in IMT basins isolated during low sea levels (eg. Pleistocene speciation pump) followed by dispersal. |
| Could there be enough speciation within the IMT to support the Centre of Origin hypothesis? | A perceived LACK of barriers to dispersal by pelagic larvae in the oceans CHALLENGES speciation theory. |
| What evidence is there against dispersal in the "centre of origin"theory"? | Genetic diversity of stomatopod populations: Even within Indonesia, there’s regional genetic differentiation, indicating larval dispersal is less than predicted. |
| Why are there so many fish species in the Indo-Malay Triangle? What evidence is there? | Two theories are origin theory VS accumulation. The predominant surface currents and other lines of evidence goes not give a clear answer. |
| To answer of question of origin vs accumulation what evidence should be considered? | - Age of species - High incidence of endemic species - intraspecific population genetic structure - intraspecific phylogenetic relationships - Complexity and patchiness of habitat in the IMT |
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