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Biology Ch. 1
Ch.1 Biology Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | Descent with modification; the idea that living with species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation |
| Biology | The scientific study of life |
| Emergent Properties | New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases |
| Biosphere | The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystem |
| Ecosystems | All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them |
| Communities | All organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction |
| Populations | A localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring |
| Organisms | All individual living things |
| Organs | A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues |
| Organ System | A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions |
| Organelle | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells |
| Cytosol | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm |
| Cytoplasm | The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane |
| Tissue | An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both |
| Cell Body | The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| Systems Biology | An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems |
| Operation of Ecosystems | Two major processes: The cycling of nutrients; One-way flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers |
| Producer | An organism that produces organic compounds from CO2 by harnessing light energy (in photosynthesis) or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals; plants and other photosynthetic organisms, which use light energy to make sugar |
| Consumer | Organisms, such as animals, that feed on producers and other consumers |
| Eukaryotic Cell | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes |
| Prokaryotic Cell | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes |
| DNA | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; capable of being replicatedanddeterminingtheinheritedstructureofacellsproteins |
| Gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses) |
| Genome | The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences |
| Bioinformatics | The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets |
| Negative Feedback | A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change |
| Positive Feedback | A physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change |
| Domain Bacteria | One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea. |
| Domain Archaea | One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria. |
| Domain Eukarya | The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms |
| Protists | An informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular |
| Kingdom Fungi | Is defined in part by the nutritional mode of its members, such as this mushroom, which absorb nutrients from their surroundings |
| Kingdom Plantae | Consists of multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to the chemical energy in food |
| Kingdom Animalia | Consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms |
| Three Domains of Life | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| Inquiry | A search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions |
| Discovery Science | The process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describing nature |
| Data | Recorded observations |
| Inductive Reasoning | A type of logic in which generalization are based on a large number of specific observations |
| Deductive Reasoning | A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from general premise |
| Hypothesis | A tentative answer to a well-framed question, narrower in scope than a theory and subject to testing |
| Controlled Experiment | An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested |
| Theory | An explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence |
| Models | A representation of a theory or process |
| Technology | The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research |
Created by:
mmcclure
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