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Chapter 5-CD
Cell Division
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mitosis | Type of cell division which involves the division of the nucleus to produce two daughter cells each containing the same number and same kind of chromosomes as the parent cell. |
| Occurs in all | somatic cells except gametes |
| Unicellular organism | is a form of asexual reproduction where each new cell grows and becomes an entire organism.Ex:Amoeba sp. |
| Multcellular organism | Cell divides to generate new cells to replace dead and damaged cells.It is for growth and developement of an organism. |
| Somatic cells | Contains two sets of chromosomes,one set derived from the female parent and the other from the male parent. |
| Two sets of chromosomes | are called diploid cells.The diploid number is designated as 2n. |
| Each somatic cells has | 46 chromosomes.Each somatic cells divides to produce two new diploid cells identical to the parent cell |
| The significance of mitosis | -Mitosis ensures that the new cells/offspring are genetically identical to the parent. -Mitosis preserves the diploid number of chromosomes |
| The cell cycle | Consists of two major phases interphase and mitotic phase (M phase) |
| M phase | Includes mitosis and cytokinesis.Cell division take place.The nucleus divides during mitosis followed by division of cytoplasm.Two daughter cells are produced. |
| Interphase | Consists of three stages;G1 phase,S phase and G2 phase.Interphase is a phase where the cells prepares for cell division.It involves synthesis of protein and organelles,growth,replication of DNA,cell differentiation and storage of energy. |
| G1 phase | Cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles.Cell growth and differentiation occurs. |
| S phase | Synthesis of DNA occurs.Chromosomes are duplicated and DNA replicated to form two identical sister chromatids joined together by the centromere at the centre. |
| G2 phase | Cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles.Cell growth and differentiation occurs. |
| Stages of mitosis | Prophase,Metaphase,Anaphase and Telophase |
| Prophase | Centrioles move apart to opposite poles.Chromosomes condense and shorten.Chromosomes appears as a twin identical chromatids called the sister chromatids joined together by the centromere.Nuclear membrane breaks down.Nucleolus dissapear&spindle fibre form. |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes moves to the cell equator.Chromosomes line up along the cell equator with the centromere attached on the spindle fibres.Each chromatid faces its own pole. |
| Anaphase | Centromere of each chromosomes divides into two.The sister chromatid seperate and move to opposite poles.Spindle fibres pull the centromere towards each pole with the chromatid arm trailing behind. |
| Telophase | Final stage.2 sets of chromosomes,one at each pole.Chromosomes are not visible and appear as thread like structure.Spindle fibre begins to dissapear.Nuclear membrane begins to form.Nucleolus reappears. |
| Cytokinesis | Occurs at the end of telophase.Plasma membrane constricts around the equator of the cell dividing the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. |
| Controlled mitosis | The ability of the cell to divide at its own rate and timing. |
| Uncontrolled mitosis | Where is the genes that regulate the cell cycle is mutated or damaged,the cell will divide out of control. |
| Benign tumour | Abnormal cells remains at its original site. |
| Malignant tumour | Tumour becomes invasive and spread to neighbouring tissues,impairing the functions of one and more organs. |
| Cloning is | the process of artificially creating a new individual that is genetically identical to an existing individual. |
| Tissue culture | is a technique in reproduction which involves the transfer of tissues or cell from an organism in a suitable culture medium to produce a new organism identical to the existing organism. |
| Meiosis | is a type of cell division that occurs in reproductive organs to produce four daughter cells called gametes. |
| Prophase 1 | Centrioles moves to opposite poles.Chromosomes thicken and condense.Each chromosomes becomes visible and consists of two sister chromatids attached together at the centromere.Homologous chromosomes pair together by the process called synapsis. |
| Prophase 1 | Each paired homologous chromosomes is called a bivalent which consists of four sister chromatids.In each pair of homologous chromosomes,one chromosomes is the maternal chromosomes and the other is the paternal chromosomes. |
| Prophase 1 | The chromatids of the homologous chromosomes criss-cross along the length.These crossing are called chiasmata.At the chiasma,there is exchange of genetic material between the two non-sister chromatids through the process called crossing over. |
| Prophase 1 | Crossing over results in new combination of genetic material and its an important source of genetic variation.Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate.Spindle fibres are formed. |
| Metaphase 1 | Paired homologous chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.One chromosomes of each pair faces each pole of the cell.The chromatids of each chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibres at their centromere. |
| Anaphase 1 | The paired homologous chromosomes seperate from one another and move to opposite poles of the cell.The spindle fibres pulled one chromosomes of each homologous chromosomes to each pole. |
| Anaphase 1 | Each chromosomes moves with its centromere heading towards the pole and the two sister chromatids trailing behind. |
| Telophase 1 | The chromosomes from each paired homologous chromosomes reach the poles of the cell.Each pole has a haploid chromosome set.The spindle fibres disappear.Nuclear membrane and nucleoli reform.Cytokinesis occurs. |
| Telophase 1 | The plasma memebrane constricts at the equator of the cell to form two haploid daughter cells. |
| Prophase 11 | Centriole duplicates and moves to opposite poles.Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids attached together by centromere.Nuclear memebrane and nucleoli disintegrate.Spindle fibres form again. |
| Metaphase 11 | Chromosomes line up at the equator with sister chromatids facing opposite poles. |
| Anaphase 11 | The centromere holding the sister chromatids tgether split.Chromatids seperate.Spindle fibres pull each chromatid to opposite poles. |
| Telophase 11 | Chromatids reach the poles and become new chromosomes.Nuclear membrane and nucleolus form again at each cluster of chromosomes.Chromosomes become extended and not visible.Cytokinesis occurs and four haploid daughter cells are formed. |
Created by:
NathalieCJ7
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