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A&P2 Blood&Immunity
Del-Tech Owens A&P2 Blood and Immunity Test 1 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What part of blood is a straw colored, viscous fluid, that is 90% water and makes up 55% of whole blood? | Blood plasma |
| Plasma proteins make up __% of plasma volume by weight. | eight |
| Albumin makes up what percentage of the total plasma proteins found in human blood? | sixty |
| Give 2 examples of mechanisms that keep plasma composition in the blood constant. | 1)Liver makes more proteins if levels drop 2) lungs and kidneys work to restore balance when acidosis occurs. |
| How many molecules of oxygen can one hemoglobin molecule carry? | four |
| What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more blood cells? | erythropoietin |
| Blood is made from __% water. | ninety |
| What plasma protein contributes to osmotic pressure, acts as a blood buffer, and carries certain molecules through circulating blood? | albumin |
| How many hemoglobin molecules can be contained in a single red blood cell (RBC)? | two-hundred-fifty-million |
| How many oxygen molecules can be carried by a single red blood cell (RBC)? | one-billion |
| What molecule is vital for RBCs to carry oxygen? | hemoglobin |
| What is hemoglobin called when oxygen binds to the iron in the RBC? | oxyhemoglobin |
| When an oxygen molecules detach from a molecule of hemoglobin, what is the hemoglobin called? | deoxyhemoglobin |
| When carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin, what is the resulting molecule called? | carbaminohemoglobin |
| What is the normal temperature of blood in the body? | 100.4 |
| What's another name for a platelet? | thrombocyte |
| The hormone that causes men to produce more RBCs (or a higher hematocrit) is called __. | testosterone |
| Leukocytes that don't have granules are called __. | agranular |
| What 3 kinds of leukocytes have granules in them? | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| What 2 kinds of leukocytes have no granules in them (they are agranular)? | lymphocytes, monocytes |
| What is the formation of red blood cells called? | hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis |
| Where does hematopoiesis occur in the bodies of adults? | bone marrow |
| On average, the marrow put out an __ of blood every day. | ounce |
| Every ounce of blood put out by the bone marrow each day contains about __ __ new cells. | one-hundred-billion |
| Erythropoietic is released by the kidneys when oxygen levels drop too low, causing the bone marrow to make more blood cells. This process is called __. | erythropoiesis |
| Renal dialysis patients suffer from homeostatic imbalance due to a lack of __ because their kidneys aren't functioning correctly. | erythropoietin |
| When RBCs are destroyed in the body, the heme in the RBCs is degraded into __ and the iron is recycled by the body. | bilirubin |
| A shortage of RBCs, or a low hematocrit, mean a person is __. | anemic |
| When a patient is anemic due to bleeding, they may experience __ anemia. | hemorrhagic |
| When a patient becomes anemic due to blood cells being damaged inside the body, they are experiencing __ anemia. | hemolytic |
| When a patient's bone marrow isn't producing enough blood cells, they are experiencing __ anemia. | aplastic |
| __ is a genetic disorder leading to a faulty or absent globin chain which causes RBCs to be thin and delicate. | thalassemia |
| A genetic condition that causes RBCs to be curved results in a condition called __ __ anemia. | sickle cell |
| When someone's body begins overproducing RBCs, they have __. | polycythemia |
| When someone takes a hormone to force their body to produce too many RBCs for a sporting event, they are guilty of __ __. | blood doping |
| White blood cells (called leukocytes) __ invaders that enter the body. | attack |
| The process used by blood cells to squeeze between interstitial spaces is called __. | diapedesis |
| When a patient is overproducing leukocytes, their condition is called __. (HINT: it isn't polycythemia.) | leukocytosis |
| What do neutrophils eat? | bacteria |
| What do eosinophils attack? | parasites |
| What do basophils cause? | inflammation |
| Which kind of leukocyte increases in number during an allergic reaction? | eosinophils |
| What chemicals do basophils contain? | heparine, histamine |
| What do lymphocytes (killer cells) produce? | antibodies |
| What do monocytes turn into? | macrophages |
| From greatest number to lowest number, in what order should leukocytes be listed? (HINT: never let monkeys eat banana) | neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils |
| Which leukocyte is the biggest? | monocyte |
| Which leukocyte leaves the blood stream to attack invaders in body tissue? | all of them |
| Which blood type is a universal donor? | O- |
| Blood is what kind of tissue? | connective |
| What are the 3 components of blood? | water, plasma, formed elements |
| After blood has been centrifuged, in what layer do white blood cells belong? (HINT: It is the thinnest middle layer) | buffy coat |
| What are the formed elements of blood? | erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets |
| The percentage of blood cell volume in the blood is called __. | hematocrit |
| The average hematocrit for males is __%, plus or minus 5%. | 47 |
| The average hematocrit for females is __%, plus or minus 5%. | 42 |
| What blood cell component is made from heme pigment and bound to the protein globin? | hemoglobin |
| What is the normal amount of hemoglobin found in 100 ml of blood for males? | 13-18 |
| What is the normal amount of hemoglobin found in 100 ml of blood for females? | 12-16 |
| During hematopoiesis, what is the first blood cell to form after the stem cell has been selected to become an RBC? (Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling Environment) | proerythroblast |
| What is the 2nd stage of hematopoiesis? (Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling Environment) | basophilic erythroblast |
| What is the 3rd stage of hematopoiesis? (Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling Environment) | polychromatic erythroblast |
| What is the 4th stage of hematopoiesis? (Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling Environment) | orthocrhomic erythroboast |
| What is the 5th stage of hematopoiesis? (Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling Environment) | reticulocyte |
| What is the 6th stage of hematopoiesis? (Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling Environment) | erythrocyte |
| Normal RBC counts range from __ to __. | 4.5-5.5 million/ul |
| HIV/AIDS, autoimmune disease, and hypersensitivies are all names for __ disorders. | leukocyte |
| What are platelets made from? | cell fragements |
| What is the 1st stage of hemostasis? | vascular spasm |
| What is the 2nd state of hemostasis? | platelet plug formation |
| What is the 3rd state of hemostasis? | blood coagulation |
| When blood vessels constrict to slow bleeding, this is called a __ __. | vascular spasm |
| When platelets aggregate around an opening in a blood vessel, this is called a __ __. | platelet plug |
| When platelets, fibrinogen, and other elements in the blood form a clot, this process is called __. | coagulation |
| The dissolution of a blood clot is called __. | fibrinolysis |
| The body's "clot buster" is really called __. | plasmin |
| A clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel is called a __. | thrombus |
| A thrombus that breaks lose and floats freely is called an __. | embolus |
| An embolus that gets wedged in a blood vessel and causes an obstruction is called an __. | embolism |
| Who is responsible for discovering blood groups? | Karl Landsteiner |
| What are the different blood groups? | A, B, AB, O |
| A __ is a protein that helps the immune system identify and neutralize invaders. | antibody |
| Another word for antibody is __. | immunoglobulin |
| A substance that triggers the production of antibodies is called an __. | antigen |
| A classification of blood based on inherited antigenic substances on the surface of RBCs is a __ __. | blood type |
| A protein found on the surface of red blood cells is called an __ __. | rh factor |
| A hemolytic disease caused by the production of maternal antibodies against fetal RBCs is called __ __. | erythroblastosis fetalis |
| The 3 mechanisms of immunity are __, __, __. (RAM) | recognition, attack, memory |
| The 2 basic types of immunity are __ and __. | innate, adaptive |
| The movement of cells that are attracted to chemicals that are released at the site of tissue damage is called __. | chemotaxis |
| The 2 mechanisms of special immunity are __ and __. | humoral, cellular |
| When T cells attack specific pathogens directly, this is called __ immunity. | cellular |
| When antibodies "tag" bacteria for destruction, this is __ immunity. | humoral |
| A protein secreted in response to an antigen by plasma cells is called an __. | immunoglobulin |
| What are the 5 types of immunoglobulins? (My Great Aunt Eats Dessert) | IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD |
| Which immunoglobulin is responsible for the primary (or initial) immune response? | IgM |
| Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta during fetal gestation and is responsible for the secondary (or memory) response? | IgG |
| Which immunoglobulin transfers a mother's immunity to her baby through her milk and is found in saliva, tears? | IgA |
| Which immunoglobulin is named for the Erythma-wheal response to allergy? | IgE |
| Which immunoglobulin is the antigen receptor of mature B cells and exists in the lowest quantity in the blood? | IgD |
| A lymphocyte that replicates through antigen binding and that becomes a plasma or memory cell is called a __ __. | b cell |
| What is the pH level of blood? | 7.35-7.45 |
| Name the 4 categories of adaptive immunity. | natural, artificial, active, passive |
| Which kind of adaptive immunity is produced in nature through everyday life experience? | natural |
| Which kind of adaptive immunity is produced through deliberate exposure, such as through an injection? | artificial |
| Which kind of adaptive immunity occurs when an organism makes its own antibodies and grants the longest protection? | active |
| Which kind of adaptive immunity occurs when an organism acquires antibodies from another source and results in temporary protection? | passive |
| When infection or natural exposure causes production of our own antibodies, this is called __ __. (HINT: its a combination of the 4 adaptive immunities) | natural active |
| When temporary immunity is passed from one person to another, this is called __ __. (HINT: its a combination of the 4 adaptive immunities) | natural passive |
| When a vaccination induces us to produce our own antibodies, this is called __ __. (HINT: its a combination of the 4 adaptive immunities) | artificial active |
| When we are granted temporary immunity through an injection, this is called __ __. (HINT: its a combination of the 4 adaptive immunities) | artificial passive |
| __ __ is an example of natural passive immunity at work. | Breast feeding |
| Heat, redness, swelling, and pain are all symptoms of __. | inflammation |
| When blood rushes to the site of an injury causing redness and heat, this is called __. | hyperemia |
| What causes the symptoms of inflammation? | hyperemia, increase capillary permeability, injury to nerve ending |
| During inflammation, increased capillary permeability causes __. | swelling |
| What are the 3 stages of fever? | onset, stadium, defervescence |
| During the 3 states of fever, __ occurs when temperature increases and the patient experiences chills. | onset |
| During the 3 states of fever, __ occurs when the patient's temperature levels off. | stadium |
| During the 3 states of fever, __ occurs when the patient's temperature goes down. | defervescence |
| Which type of immunity is the best? | active |
| Why is active the best kind of immunity? | lasts longest |
Created by:
IsaacJ
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