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Chapter 4-CC

Chemical Composition of the Cell

TermDefinition
Common elements Oxygen,carbon,hydrogen and nitrogen
Other elements Sulphur,phosphorus,calcium,potassium,magnesium, chlorine,sodium and iron
Common elements combined with each other to form various chemical compounds
Examples of chemical compounds Carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,nucleic acid and water
Other elements such as calcium,potassium,magnesium,chlorine,sodium and iron exist as Ions
Two type of chemical compound Organic and Inorganic compounds
Organic compound Chemical compound that contain the element carbon
Inorganic compound Chemical compound that does not contain the element carbon(water)
Importance of carbohydrates To provide energy during respiration.To build cell wall in plants cell.To form external skeletons of insects.
Importance of lipids To form the phospholipid bilayer.To protect organs and as a heat insulator.As a solvent for A,D,E,K.As a source of energy.To synthesise steroid hormones including sex hormones
Importance of proteins To form connective tissue.To produce new cells.To synthesise antibodies to prevent diseases.To build up muscle for movement.To form protein molecules in the plasma membrane
Nucleic acid Contains carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen and phosphorus
Basic unit of nucleic acid nucleotide which consists of phosphate group,pentose sugar and nitrogenous base
Tyles of nucleic acid DNA and RNA
DNA Consists of two strands of polynucleotides twisted into a double helix
RNA Consists of a shorter and single strands of polynucleotide
Importance of nucleic acid Carry genetic informations.Direct protein synthesis.Determine the traits which are inherited from the parents.Control all core activities.
Importance of water As a major component of protoplasm.As a transport medium within cells
Carbohydrates Contains oxygen,hydrogen and carbon
Three main groups of carbohydrates Monosaccharide,Disaccharide and Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide Basic building block of carbohydrates.All monosaccharide are reducing sugars.Monosaccharide are simple sugars such as glucose,fructose and galactose
Disaccharide Disaccharide are complex sugar.Two monosaccharides combined together chemically through condensation.All disaccharides are reducing sugars except sucrose.
Chemical equation of disaccharide monosaccharide + monosaccharide - disaccharide + water
Example of disaccharide Maltose,sucrose and lactose
Maltose Glucose + glucose
Sucrose Glucose + fructose
Lactose Glucose + galactose
Polysaccharide Polysaccharide are large complex sugars.Consists of many monosaccharide that are joined together by condensation to form long chain of simple sugars called polymers
Example of polysaccharide Starch,glycogen and cellulose
Starch Carbohydrates stores in plant
Glycogen Carbohydrates stores in animal
Cellulose Form cell wall
Protein Contains carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,sulphur,nitrogen and phosphorus.Proteins are large complex molecules.
The building block of protein is Amino acid
Amino acids Essential and non-essential amino acids
Essential amino acid Amino acids that cannot synthesise by body cells.Must be obtained directly or indirectly from food
Non-essential amino acid Amino acids that can be synthesise by the body cells.
First class protein Animal protein-Food that contain all the essential amino acids
Second class protein Plant protein-Lack a few essential amino acids
Structures of protein Primary,secondary,tertiary and quarternary structures
Lipids Contains carbon,hydrogen and oxygen
Main types of lipids Fats,oil,waxes,phospholipids and steroid such as cholesterol,testerone,oestrogen and progesterone
Fats and oils are categorised as Triglyceride
Triglyceride is made up of one glycerol and three fatty acids
Saturated fats Saturated fat is a triglyceride that contains saturated fatty acids.The fats is saturated with hydrogen
Unsaturated fats Contains fewer hydrogens and contain unsaturated fatty acids
Enzymes Enzymes are organic catalysts that increase the rate of biochemical reaction.Enzymes are protein produced by living cells.
Created by: NathalieCJ7
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