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Science 4 Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Climate | The state of average weather over a long period of time (At least 20 years) |
| Anthropogenic | Resulting from human influence |
| Sequestration | To store or lock away Ex: Fossil fuels sequester carbon |
| Albedo | The measure of how reflective something is |
| Consensus | To agree Ex: The debate remains open about the cause of climate change |
| Phenology | The relationship of biological organisms and the timing of predictable events Ex: timing of the first bloom of oak trees |
| Paleoclimatology | The study of past climates using proxy data Ex: Tree rings and ice cores |
| Proxy Data | Substitute Data |
| Correlation | How strongly two or more variables are related to one another |
| Feedback Loops | Occur when one change causes a second change which affects the first change |
| Positive Feedback Loop | When the first change causes a second change which amplifies the first change Ex: Stampedes, audio feedback |
| Negative Feedback Loop | Where the first change causes a second change which decreases the first change Ex: Thermostat |
| Greenhouse Effect | The process in which gases within the atmosphere trap solar radiation. These gases allow incoming sunlight to pass through but they absorb heat radiated back from the earth's surface |
| Carbon Cycle (short cycle) | The carbon cycle begins with the process of photosynthesis. This carbon created then becomes part of the plant and when the plant dies and decomposes it is released back into the atmosphere. If not fully decayed then sequestered into fossil fuels |
| Carbon cycle (long cycle) | |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
| Energy | The ability to do work |
| Mass | The amount of matter in an object |
| Matter | The amount of space something takes up |
| Potential Energy | Energy stored in an object;Gravitational |
| Kinetic Energy | An object with mass that has speed |
| Calorie | The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius |
| Joule | The amount of energy it takes to move 1kg to 1m |
| Entropy | The measure of disorder in a closed system |
| Open System | A system that allows both energy and matter in |
| Closed system | A system closed to both energy and matter |
| Convection | Transfer of heat by the movement of heated particles in air and liquid currents. Occurs mainly in liquids and gases. Primary driving force is pressure imbalance. |
| Conduction | Occurs in solid objects where heat energy is transferred from molecule to molecule |
| Radiation | The energy of electromagnetic waves. This energy can be transferred even though there are no particles to transfer the energy. Examples: Heat from a fire or heat from a light bulb |
| Mechanical Energy | |
| Heat energy | |
| Radiant energy | |
| Chemical Energy | |
| Electrical Energy | |
| Nuclear energy | |
| Energy Efficient | Percentage of input of energy that is useful work |
| Fossil Fuel | Fuels formed from the remains of animals and plants through heat, compression, and long periods of time. Non-renewable and create pollution when burned. |
| Coal | Solid fuel formed in equatorial swamps when plants die and do not fully decompose due to the lack of oxygen in the waters. Peat will form layer after layer is deposited. Sediment then forms over peat which compresses it. |
| Lignite coal | First coal formed, least energy dense, and most pollution when burned |
| Subbituminous coal | Second coal formed, more energy dense and less pollution when burned |
| Bituminous coal | Third Coal formed and more energy dense. Can be formed into steel and abundant source in the U.S. |
| Anthracite Coal | Most energy dense and burns the cleanest most commonly used to heat homes |
| Crude Oil | |
| Natural Gas | |
| Synfuels | |
| Tar Sands | Also known as bituminous sands are a mixture of sand clay and heavy crude oil and bitumen. World's dirtiest fuel. Extracted using surface mining. |
| Oil Shale | Contains hydrocarbons and is refined by being heated in a retort and converting it into a form of crude oil and gas. |
| Passive Solar Energy | |
| Active solar | |
| Flat Plate collectors | |
| STEC | |
| PV Cells | |
| Geothermal Energy | A renewable source of energy in which pipes are placed underground to absorb warmth from the earth which heats the home. To cool the home it absorbs heat from the home and places it underground. Most anyone can use it. Expensive initial cost |
| Tidal Energy | Renewable form of energy that using a barrage and tides to spin a turbine to generate electricity. |
| Thermal Expansion |
Created by:
blackpoint6
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