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Transport / Enzyme
Terms used in Transport and Enzyme part of AS2.4 Cellular Process
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Surface Area:Volume Ratio | limits the size of the cell because more cytoplasm means more heat and waste products are generated and a higher demand for oxygen and nutrients, which are exchanged across the cell surface, but surface area:volume ratio decreases as size increases. |
| Active Transport | energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
| Concentration Gradient | the difference in the concentration of molecules across a distance |
| Diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| Flaccid | Limp. Walled cells are limp in isotonic surroundings, where there is no tendency for water to enter. |
| Ion Exchange Pump | A type of Active transport which transports sodium and potassium ions across the membrane |
| Osmoregulation | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Passive Transport | The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy |
| Semi-Permeable Membrane | a membrane (as a cell membrane) that allows some molecule to pass through but not others |
| Turgid | Water moves into a plant cell by the process of osmosis making them turgid or stiff |
| Plasmolysis | In plant cells where the cytoplasm pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis. |
| Endocytosis | Active Transport. A process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane |
| Phagocytosis | The cell engulfs solid material to form large vesicles. A form of endocytosis |
| Pinocytosis | The cell engulfs liquids into the cell. A form of endocytosis |
| Exocytosis | Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material. A form of Active transport. |
| Hypotonic | A dilute solution which means a large amount of water. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution then water will enter the cell |
| Activation Energy | The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur |
| Catalyst | substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
| Active Site | region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits |
| Enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts |
| Denatured | loss of an enzyme's normal shape so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature |
| Induced Fit Model | enzyme model where the substrate induces the enzyme to alter its shape slightly so it fits better |
| Lock and Key Theory | Theory that states that the active site of an enzyme has a shape that only fits a specific substrate. Explains some but not all enzymes. |
| Enzyme Inhibitor | A chemical that interferes with an enzyme's activity |
| Catabolism | breakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy |
| Anabolism | Process of building up complex materials (proteins) from simple materials |
| Hypertonic Solution | A concentrated solution which means a low amount of water. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution water leaves the cell. |
| Isotonic Solution | in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside a cell |
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Discoweb
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