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NT and Drugs
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and HGP - Effects etc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Give three examples of Neurotransmitters: | Dopamine, Serotonin acetylcholine. |
| How do Neurotransmitters work? | The bind to receptor proteins on the post-synaptic membrane which causes the opening on channel proteins to allow movement of Na+ ions into the neuron causing AP to propagate. |
| Give the 5 stages of where Neurotransmission could be altered: | The amount of NT produced in vesicles, The amount released into the Synaptic Cleft, the amount binding to receptors on Post-SM, the amount reabsorbed and the amount broken down. |
| Give two examples of imbalance of neurotransmitters and their related diseases: | Reduced Dopamine - Parkinson's Reduced Serotonin - Depression. |
| Parkinsons disease: | The breakdown of neurons which produce dopamine in the Substantia Nigra, which supplies areas of motor control in the brain, causes reduction in Dopamine. |
| Symptoms of Parkinsons: | Tremors, Slow movement, lack of coordination, trouble swallowing, depression, stiffness. |
| Why do people with parkinsons develop these symptoms? | Lack of Dopamine causes fewer impulses sent from sensory/relay neurons in the CNS to the motor neurons and other neurons in brain, causing a reduced amount of APs and thus lower control. |
| Give three types of drugs used to treat parkinsons: | L-DOPA, Agonistic Drugs and MAOB inhibitors. |
| L-Dopa: | This is a precursor to dopamine which can cross the Blood-Brain barrier (dopamine cannot), there it is decarboxalated into Dopamine and helps replenish supplies, allowing more APs to propagate. |
| Agonistic Drugs: | These mimic the effect of Neurotransmitters (in this case dopamine) and stimulate the receptors on the post synaptic membrane. |
| MAOB inhibitors: | MAOB is the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of Dopamine (so it can be remade etc), inhibiting this enzyme causes dopamine to be present for longer in the synaptic cleft, increasing APs. |
| Depression: | A lack of serotonin in the brain in neurons which supply the cerebrum and areas which control mood etc, causes a lack of APs which leads to lowered mood |
| Symptoms of Depression: | A lowering of mood, pessimism etc. |
| Treatments for depression: | The use of counseling and drugs, SSRI's mainly - These are Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and prevent the reuptake of serotonin in the presynaptic membrane, increasing serotonin levels. |
| Give an example of a drug that alters synaptic transmission: | MDMA (Ecstasy). |
| How does MDMA alter synaptic transmission: | MDMA acts by causing an increased release of serotonin across the presynaptic membrane and by blocking serotonin reuptake proteins, this greatly increases serotonin in the synaptic cleft. |
| How does an increased about of Serotonin in the synaptic cleft cause increased mood: | More serotonin will bind to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane and thus more channels for Na+ to move will open, this causes more frequent APs along the dendrite. |
| Effects of MDMA: | Elevated Mood, Increased Empathy, increased heart rate, sweating, thirst, reduced kidney function. |
| The Human Genome Project: | A project which took 13 years to complete which mapped out the entire Human Genome, identifying which genes coded for which proteins etc. |
| Why is identifying which genes control which processes important: | It is possible to identify the genes which are faulty and may produce proteins making the person more susceptible to certain diseases (cancers) and which drugs may work with individuals. |
| Pharmacogenomics: | This is the study of identifying which drugs will work with which genes (and vise versa). I.e. Someone with a certain gene may not react well to a specific drug but well to another drug. |
| How can the Human Genome Project help which picking the right drugs: | The Dosages and which drugs are effective can depend on the genes of a person. |
| Drug Targets: | These are proteins which are the targets of drugs, they are identified and bind to with the Drug. |
| How does the HGP help with Drug targets: | Knowing the sequence of genes used to produce a protein can lead to the shape being known, this leads to better development of Drugs as they are altered to be more specific and more effective. |
| Give some issues with the storage of the Human Genome: | Companies may use it to discriminate (Health Insurance, not hiring someone because of certain genes), Could lead to Eugenics (designer babies), Could lead to a tiered class system (Certain genes classify you as 'lower' etc). |
| Give some issues with Pharmacogenomics: | Wouldn't be financially viable for a company to produce many versions of the same drug, Identification of genes is difficult (especially when controlled by many genes), some people wont have drugs at all (Is it right to have no treatment?) |
Created by:
mjwilson1988
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