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14, 15, 17, & 18
final review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| spontaneous generation | mistaken idea that life can arise from nonliving materials |
| biogenesis | idea that living organisms come only from other living organisms |
| protocell | large, ordered structure, enclosed by a membrane, that carries out some life activities, such as growth and division |
| archaebacteria | chemosynthetic prokaryotes that live in harsh environments, such as deep-sea vents & hot springs |
| artificial selection | process of breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits. |
| natural selection | mechanism for change in population; occurs when organisms with favorable variations survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation |
| mimicry | structural adaptation that enables one species to reassemble another species; may provide protection from predators or other advantages |
| camouflage | structural adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings; allows a species to avoid detection by predators |
| homologous structures | structures with common evolutionary origins; can be similar in arrangement, in function, or both; provides evidence of evolution from a common ancestor, forelimbs of crocodiles, whales, & birds are examples |
| analogous structure | structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function |
| vestigial structure | a structure in a present-day organism that no longer serves its natural purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor; provides evidence of evolution |
| allelic frequency | percentage of any specific allele in a population's gene pool |
| genetic equilibrium | condition in which the frequency of alleles in a population remains the same over generations |
| genetic drift | alteration of allelic frequencies in a population by chance events; results in disruption of genetic equilibrium |
| stabilizing selection | natural selection that favors average individuals in a pop., results in a decline in population variation |
| directional selection | natural selection that favors one of the extreme variations of a trait; can lead to rapid evolution in a pop. |
| disruptive selection | natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of a trait; tends to eliminate intermediate phenotypes |
| speciation | process of evolution of new species that occurs when members of similar pop. no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring within their natural environment |
| polyploid | any species with multiple sets of the normal set of chromosomes; results from errors during mitosis or meiosis |
| gradualism | idea that species originate through a gradual change of adaptations |
| punctuated equilibrium | idea that periods of speciation occur relatively quickly with long periods of genetic equilibrium in between |
| adaptive radiation | divergent evolution in which ancestral species evolve into an array of species to fit a number of diverse habitats |
| divergent evolution | evolution in which species that once were similar to an array of species to fit a number of diverse habitats |
| convergent evolution | evolution in which distantly related organisms evolve similar traits; occurs when unrelated species occupy similar environments |
| taxonomy | branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their shared characteristic; biologists who study taxonomy are called taxonomists |
| binomial nomenclature | two-word system developed by Carolus Linnaeus to name species; first word identifies the genus of the organisms, the second word is often a descriptive word that describes a characteristic of the organism |
| phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species based on comparative relationships of structures & comparisons of modern life forms with fossils |
| cladistics | biological classification system based on phylogeny; assumes that as groups of organisms diverge & evolve form a common ancestral group, they retain derived traits |
| cladogram | branching diagram that models the phylogeny of a species based on the derived traits of a group of organisms |
| virus | disease-causing, nonliving particles composed of an inner core of nucleic acids surrounded by a capsid, replicate inside living cells called host cells |
| host cell | living cell in which a virus replicates |
| bacteriophage | also called phages, viruses that infect & destroy bacteria |
| capsid | outer coat of proteins that surrounds a virus's inner core of nucleic acid; arrangement of capsid proteins determines the virus's shape |
| lytic cycle | viral replication cycle in which a virus takes over a host cell's genetic material and uses the host cell's structure & energy to replicate until the host cell bursts, killing it. |
| lysogenic cycle | viral replication cycle in which the virus's nucleic acid is integrated into the host cell's chromosome; a provirus is formed & replicated each time the host cell reproduces; the host cell is not killed until the lytic cycle is activated |
| provirus | viral DNA that is integrated into a host cell's chromosome & replicated each time the host cell replicates |
| retrovirus | type of viral replication where a virus uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA form viral RNA; the retroviral DNA is then integrated into the host cell's chromosome. |
| reverse transcriptase | enzyme carried in the capsid of a retrovirus that helps produce DNA from viral RNA; the retroviral DNA is then integrated into the host cell's chromosome. |
| Prion | a virus-like infectious agent composed of only protein, with no genetic material |
| viroid | a virus-like infectious agent that is composed of only a single, circular strand of RNA |
| chemosynthesis | autotrophic process where organisms obtain energy from the breakdown of inorganic compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen |
| binary fission | asexual reproductive process in which one cell divides into 2 separate genetically identical cells |
| conjugation | form of sexual reproduction in some bacteria where one bacterium transfers all or part of its genetic material to another through a bridge like structure called a pilus |
| obligate aerobe | bacteria that require oxygen for cellular respiration |
| obligate anaerobe | bacteria that are killed by oxygen & can survive only in oxygen-free environments |
| endospore | structure formed by bacteria during unfavorable conditions that contain DNA & a small amount of cytoplasm encased by a protective outer covering; germinates during favorable conditions |
| toxin | poison produced by a bacterium |
| nitrogen fixation | metabolic process in which bacteria use enzymes to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) |
| trace fossils | any indirect evidence left by an animal and may include a footprint, a trail, or a burrow |
| casts | when minerals in rocks fill a space left by a decayed organism |
| molds | an organism is buried in sediment and then decays, leaving an empty space |
| petrified | minerals sometimes penetrate and replace the hard parts of an organism |
| permineralized | void spaces in original organism infilled by minerals |
| amber | an entire organism was quickly trapped in ice or tree sap that hardened into amber |
Created by:
mpiontek
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