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11, 12, and 13
final review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA | a nucleic acid; the master copy of an organism's info. code that contains instructions used to form all of organism's enzymes and structural proteins |
| RNA | a nucleic acid that forms a copy of DNA for use in making proteins |
| Double helix | shape of a DNA molecule formed when two twisted DNA strands one coiled into a springlike structure an held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases |
| transcription | process in the cell nucleus where enzymes make an RNA copy of a DNA strand |
| translation | process of converting info. in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein |
| codon | set of three nitrogenous bases that represents an amino acid; order of nitrogenous bases in mRNA determines type and order of amino acids in protein |
| point mutation | mutation in a DNA sequence; occurs from a change in a single base from DNA: causes a shift in reading of codons by one base |
| frameshift mutation | mutation that occurs when a single base is added or deleted from DNA: causes a shift in reading of codons by one base. |
| chromosomal mutation | mutation that occurs at the chromosome level resulting in changes in gene distribution to gametes during meiosis; caused when parts of chromosomes break off or rejoin incorrectly |
| nucleotide base pairs | bases that connect the complementary strands of DNA |
| gel electrophoresis | a technique used for the separation of DNA, RNA, & proteins & their fragments based on their size & shape |
| palindrome | a sequence that reads the same backward as forward |
| pedigree | graphic representation of genetic inheritance used by geneticist to map genetic traits |
| incomplete dominance | inheritance pattern where the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between those of two homozygotes; neither allele of pair is dominant but combine & display a new trait |
| codominance | pattern where phenotypes of both homozygote parents are produced in heterozygous offspring so that both alleles are equally expressed |
| sex-linked inheritance | traits controlled by genes located on sex cells |
| polygenic inheritance | inheritance pattern of a trait controlled by two or more genes; genes may be on the same or different chromosomes. |
| Blood types | human blood cells that have the same antigens |
| test cross | mating of an individual of unknown genotypes with an individual of known genotype; can help determine the unknown genotype of parent |
| PCR | a technique for amplifying DNA sequences by separating DNA into 2 strands |
| recombinant DNA | DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different sources |
| cloning | genetically identical copies of an organisms or gene |
| vector | means by which DNA from another species can be carried into the host cell; may be biological or mechanical |
| plasmid | small ring of DNA found in a bacterial cell that is used as a biological vector |
| human genome | map of the approximately 80,000 genes on 46 human chromosomes that when mapped & sequenced, may provide info. on treatment or cure of genetic disorders. |
| transgenic organism | organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA from a different organism |
| mRNA | brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
| rRNA | binds to the mRNA and uses the instructions to assemble the amino acids in the correct order |
| tRNA | delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein |
Created by:
mpiontek
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