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Biology Final#3
Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the genetic definition of evolution? | change in allele frequency in a population over time |
| According to scientists, when did life first appear on earth? | 3.5 billion years ago |
| List the following in the order in which they appeared over earth’s history: single celled eukaryotes, prokaryotes, multicellular eukaryote organisms | 1) prokaryotes 2) single celled eukaryotes 3) multicellular eukaryote organisms |
| What evolutionary event does the endosymbiotic hypothesis explain? | development of the eukaryotic cells |
| List the evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis | 1) mitochondria + chloroplast 2) same type DNA as bacteria/circular 3) same division as bacteria (binary fission) |
| What is a cladogram and how can it be used to classify organisms? | Diagram, shows evolutionary relationships and common ancestors |
| How can a cladogram be used to determine similarities in DNA sequences and recent common ancestry? | close on cladogram = similar DNA and recent common ancestry |
| What is a derived character? | shared feature/characteristics (example: hinged jaw, 4 walking legs, etc) |
| What does a node on a cladogram represent? (see study guide) | common ancestor |
| Based upon the cladogram (see study guide) what characteristics or derived characteristics do the salamander and the leopard share? | vertebral column, hinged jaws, 4 walking legs |
| Based upon the cladogram (see study guide), which organisms share the most common ancestor? | turtle + leopard |
| What scientist incorrectly thought that evolution could be explained by the inheritance of acquired traits? | Lamarck |
| What does the inheritance of acquired traits mean? | traits obtained during a lifetime passed on to the next generation |
| Who developed the theory that evolution occurs by the process of natural selection? | Charles Darwin |
| List four components of the natural selection theory | 1) overpopulation; struggle for existence 2) variation in forms of traits; adaptation 3) some survive, some don’t (survival of the fittest) - based on adaptations 4) those with favorable adaptations survive and reproduce |
| Describe how camouflage might have developed in a population of mice by the process of natural selection | (see pg. 462 in book - foldable in class) |
| How does the variation needed for natural selection arise? | genetic shuffling |
| What is the source of variation in traits? | crossing over, jumping genes, mutations, etc. |
| Define a gene pool | all of the alleles of all the individuals in a population |
| Compare changes in allelic frequencies in a population that is evolving with a population that is in genetic equilibrium | some frequency from one time to another = genetic equilibrium different = evolution |
| List five factors that could cause allelic frequencies to change in population | 1) small population 2) natural selection 3) mutations 4) migration 5) selective mating |
| What part of Darwin’s natural selection theory couldn’t he explain? | what caused traits; how they were passed from one generation to the next |
| List four major classes of evidence for evolution | 1) fossils 2) DNA 3) anatomy 4) geology |
| Compare analogous structures, homologous structures, and vestigial structures (see study guide - make a chart) | 1) homologous= same structure, same/or different function, common ancestry 2) analogous = different structure, same function, no common ancestry 3) vestigial = same structure, common ancestry |
| Which form of evidence for evolution allows scientist to determine the amount of time that has passed since two species diverged from a common ancestor? | molecular clock |
| Describe briefly different types of reproductive isolation that could cause speculation | 1) Temporal - mating at different times 2) Geographic - populations divided by barriers (i.e., river, canyons, etc.) 3) Behavioral - mating behavior |
| What is directional selection? | draw graph |
| What is disruptive selection? | draw graph |
| What is stabilizing selection? | draw graph |
| Explain the difference between convergent evolution and divergent evolution (adaptive radiation) | 1) Divergent (adaptive radiation) - many species from a common ancestor 2) Convergent - species develop at same type of adaptations for environmental conditions but common ancestor didn’t have that adaptation |
| What are the general characteristics of mass extinctions? | some species survive; always background extinction |
| __________________ evolve, ___________________ do not. | Populations; Individuals |
Created by:
cefreeze
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