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Bio SAT
Review of Biology Terms for Subject SAT
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abscisic acid | A plant hormone that inhibits growth by slowing or stopping the process of mitosis |
| Acoelomate | An animal that that has no true coelom, or body cavity, for example a flatworm. |
| Actin | Protein that makes up the thin myofilaments in skeletal muscle |
| Adventitious roots | Roots that arise above ground,for example aerial roots and prop roots of plants |
| Allantois | Extra embryonic membrane in a bird's egg. It exchanges respiratory gases to and from the embryo. |
| Alveolus (alveoli, pl.) | Microscopic air sacs in the lung where diffusion of the respiratory gases, oxygen, and carbon dioxide occurs |
| Amnion | Membrane that encloses the embryo in protective amniotic fluid |
| Amylase | Enzyme that digests starch |
| Aneuploidy | Any abnormal condition of the chromosomes |
| Angiosperms | Anthophyta or flowering plants |
| Antennae or accessory pigments | Pigments in plants other than chlorophyll like chlorophyll b and carotenoids that help with photosynthesis by capturing a broader spectrum of visible light with different pigments |
| Anther | Male part of flower where sperm(pollen) is produced by meiosis. Sits atop the filament. |
| Antheridia | Structures located on the top of a gametophyte plant and that produce sperm |
| Antigens | Anything that triggers an antibody response |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death |
| Archaeopteryx | An intermediate fossil that shows both reptile and bird traits |
| Archegonia | Structures located at the tips of a gametophyte plant that produce eggs |
| ATP synthase | Structure in the mitochondria and chloroplasts where ATP is formed |
| Auxins | Growth hormones in plants that are responsible for phototropisms apical dominance, the predferentila growth of a plant upward (toward the sun) rather than laterally |
| Bicarbonate ion | The most important buffer in the human blood. It is responsible for keeping the pH of the blood at 7.4 |
| Bile | Chemical produced in the liver and released from the gallbladder that emulsifies fats. It is not an enzyme. |
| Biological magnification | Organisms of higher trophic levels have a greater concentration of toxins stored in their bodies than organisms of lower trophic levels |
| Buffers | Chemicals that resist a change in pH |
| C-4 Photosynthesis | Modified form of photosynthesis used by plants in dry climates. Minimizes sugar loss and maximizes sugar production. |
| Carbon fixation | Incorporation of carbon dioxide into a sugar that occurs during the Calvin Cycle |
| Cardiac sphincter | Band of muscle at the top of the stomach that keeps acidified food in the stomach from backing up into the esophagus and burning it. |
| Carpel | Female part of the flower, produce the female gametophytes, ova. Each carpel consists of of an ovary, stigma, and style. Also called the pistil. |
| Cation | A positive ion |
| Chemiosmosis | How ATP is produced during oxidative phosphorylation. Protons only flow through the special ATP synthetase channels and transfer energy to molecules of ATP. |
| Chorion | Membrane that lies under the shell of an egg and allows for diffusion of respiratory gases between between the outside environment and the inside of the shell |
| Chromoplasts | Type of plastid that stores pigments that are responsible for the bright colors in fruit and flowers |
| Cleavage | Rapid mitotic cell division of the zygote that occurs immediately after cell division |
| Cnidocytes | Cells that house the stingers in cnidarians |
| Coelomate | An animal that has a true coelom, or body cavity. All chordates are coelomates. |
| Cofactors | Minerals that assist in the normal functioning of enzymes |
| Collenchyma cells | Plant cells that have unevenly thickened cell walls. The strings of celery consist of collenchyma cells. |
| Colon | Another name for the large intestine |
| Companion cells | Make up phloem vessels, along with sieve tube elements |
| Conjugation | A primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material |
| Cortex | specialized region in a plant root or stem for storage and support |
| Cotyledon | Food for the growing embryo in a dicot seed. The cells that make up the cotyledon are triploid. |
| Crassulacean acid metabolism or CAM | A form of photosynthesis adapted for dry conditions in which plants keep stomata closed during the day and open at night, the reverse of most plants. |
| Cristae | Series of inner membranes in mitochondria where eell respiration occurs |
| Crop | Structure in birds, insects, and earthworms, among others, for temporary storage of food |
| Cutin | Waxy coating on leaves of plants that helps prevent excessive water loss |
| Cyclosis | Movement of cytoplasm around the cell. |
| Cytochromes | Proteins that play a key role in in electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| Diastole | Relaxation of the ventricles of the heart. Normal diastolic pressure is 120 mm Hg. |
| Dicotyledon | Plant whose seed easily breaks in two. |
| Duodenum | The first ten inches of the small intestine in which all digestion is completed. |
| Ectooderm | The outermost layer of skin of an embryo, which develops into the skin and the nervous system |
| Egestion | Removal of metabolic wastes |
| Endoderm | The innermost layer of skin of an embryo that develops into the viscera or digestive system |
| Endosperm | Food for the growing embryo in a monocot seed. Cells are triploid. |
| Eohippus | A transition fossil that demonstrates that the ancient horse is an ancestor of the modern horse, Equus |
| Epicotyl | Part of the embryo in a seed that becomes the upper part of the stem and leaves |
| Epididymis | Part of the testes where sperm become motile |
| Epiglottis | Flap of cartilage in the back of the throat that directs food into the esophagus |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells |
| Ethylene | Gaseous plant hormone that promotes fruit repening |
| Exocytosis | The release of substances from a cell |
| FAD or flavin adenine dinucleotide | Coenzyme that shuttle protons and electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electon transport chain |
| Filament | Threadlike structure that hold of the anther of in the male part of the flower |
| Filtration | Process the occurs in the nephron where nutrients ans wastes diffuse from the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule. |
| Fragmentation | A single parent organism breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals |
| Frameshift | Error in DNA caused by a deletion or insertion in which the entire reading frame is altered |
| Gametangia | In primitive plants, a protective jacket of cells in which gametes and zygotes develop and which prevents drying our |
| Gametophyte | Haploid (n) generation of a plant |
| Gastrin | Digestive hormone that stimulates sustained secretion of gastric juice from the stomach |
| Gastrulation | The process by which a blastula develops into a gastula with the formation of three embryonic layers |
| Gel electrophoresis | Process that separates large molecules of DNA on the basis of their rate of movement through an agarose gel in electric field |
| Gibberellins | Plant hormones that promote stem and leaf elongation |
| Gizzard | Structure in birds, insects, and earthworms where mechanical digestion of food occurs |
| Glucagon | Hormone released by the pancreas that raises blood sugar |
| Gross primary productivity | Amount of energy converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis per unit time in an ecosystem |
| Gymnosperms | Confers or cone-bearing trees |
| Habituation | One of the simplest forms of of learning in which an animal comes to ignore a persistent stimulus so it can go about is business |
| Halophiles | "Salt-loving" extremophiles, live in places with high salt concentration |
| Heliobacter pylori | Bacteria that is the cause of most ulcers |
| Hemocoels | Sinuses. Cavities in the body of insects, like grasshoppers, for exchange of nutrients |
| Histamine | An important chemical in the immune system that triggers vasodilation (enlargement of blood vessels), which increases blood supply to an area. Triggers symptoms of common cold in attempt to rid body of invaders |
| Homeotherm | Same as Ectotherm, keeps up constant body tempurature |
| Imprinting | Learning that occurs in a sensitive period of a person's life and it irreversible until that period is over |
| Insulin | Hormone released by the pancreas the lowers blood sugar |
| Inversion | A chromosomal fragment breaks off and reattaches to its original chromosome but in the reverse orientation |
| Irritability | Ability to respond to stimuli |
| Lacteal | Structures within the villi that line the small intestine an that absorb fatty aids and glycerol into the lymphatic system |
| Leucoplast | Type of plastid that stores starch |
| Leucocyte | White blood cells |
| Malpighian tubule | Structures in grasshoppers for removal of the nitrogenous waste uric acid |
| Malthus | Published a paper on population growth that said populations tend to overpopulate and exceed their resources in 1798. Influenced Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection |
| Medusa | Upside-down bowl-shaped body type |
| Meristem tissue | Plant tissue that is always dividing. An example is cambium tissue. |
| Mesoderm | The middle layer of an embryo that develops into blood, bones, and muscle |
| Mesoglea | The middle layer of a two-layer animal, like sponges and hydra, which holds the two layers together |
| Methanogens | Organisms that obtain energy in a unique way by producing methane from hydrogen |
| Microfilaments | Made of the protein actin and help support the shape of the cell. Enables cell to form cleavage furrow during cytokinesis and amoebas to move by sending our pseudopods |
| Microtubules | Thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers |
| Middle lamela | Layer of tissue between two cell walls of adjacent plant cells |
| Monocotyledon | Plant whose seed does not break into two parts. An example is corn. |
| Monotremes | Egg-laying mammals, like the duck-billed platypus and the spiny anteater, which derive nutrients from a shelled egg. |
| Mycorrhizae | Symbiotic structures consisting of the plant's roots intermingled with hyphae (filaments) of the fungus, which greatly increase the quantity of nutrients that a plant can absorb |
| Myosin | Myofilaments that make up the thick filaments in skeletal muscle. |
| NAD or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide | Coenzyme that shuttle protons or electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain. |
| Nematocysts | Stingers found in cnidocytes of cnidarians |
| Nephridia | Structures found in earthworms for excretion of nitrogenous waste urea |
| Net primary productivity | Gross primary productivity minus the energy used by the primary producers for respiration |
| Notochord | A rod that extends the length of the body and serves as a flexible axis. This is a characteristic of chordates. |
| Oogenesis | Formation of ova by meiotic cell division |
| Operant conditioning | Trial and error learning |
| Organogenesis | Process by which cells continue to differentiate, producing organs from the three embryonic germ layers |
| Ovule | The structure within the ovary of a flower where the ova (female gametophyte) are produced |
| Oxidative phosphorlation | Process that provides most of the energy (ATP) produced during cell respiration. |
| Oxytocin | Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that stimulates the uterus and causes contractions during labor |
| Parenchyma cells | Traditional-looking plat cell. Have a primary cell wall that is thin and flexible but lack a secondary cell wall |
| Parthenogenesis | The development of an egg without fertilization. The resulting adult is haploid. |
| Peptidases | Enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids |
| PGAL | The same as G3P, the primary sugar product of photosynthesis eventually turned into glucose |
| Pharynx | Throat |
| Phenulketonuria | An inherited disease characterized by the inability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine. Requires elimination of from diet, otherwise resulting in severe mental retardation. |
| Photolysis | The process that occurs during the light-dependent reactions in which water is ripped apart to provide electrons to replace those lost by chlorophyll a. Oxygen is released. |
| Phycobilins | A photosynthetic pigment |
| Pistils | Female part of the flower. Each pistil consists of an ovary, stigma, and style. Also called carpel. |
| Pith | Specialized region in the root of a plant for storage |
| Plasmodesmata | Openings in cell walls of plants for the passage of materials from one cell to another |
| Plastids | Organelles found only in plants, for example chloroplasts |
| Point mutation | A mutation in one nucleotide on DNA. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation. |
| Polarized | The condition of an axon of a nerve when it is at rest, also known as resting potential. Sodium and potassium are pumped to opposite sides of the membrane. |
| Polymerase chain reaction | A cell-free way to duplicate DNA that is useful in genetic engineering |
| Polyp | Vase-shaped body. |
| Prions | Misfolded proteins that cause mad cow disease |
| Psuedocoelomate | An animal with a false coelom. An example is a roundworm. |
| Purines | The nucleotides guanine and adenine |
| Pyloric spincter | Band of muscle at the bottom of the stomach that keeps food in the stomach long enough be digested |
| Pyrimidines | Class of nucleotides, including thymine and cytosine |
| Reabsorption | In the nephron of the kidneys, a process by which most of the water and solutes (glucose, amino acids, and vitamins) that initially entered the tubule during filtration are transported back into the capillaries and, thus, back to the body |
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | Process by which cells take in specific molecules for which the cell has specific receptor. |
| Recognition sequences or sites | Specific sites on DNA that restriction enzymes cut. |
| Reduction division | Another name for meiosis I |
| Releaser | Sign stimuli exchanged between members of the same species. |
| Restriction enzymes | Cut DNA at specific recognition sequences |
| Restriction fragments | The fragments of DNA that result form cuts made by restriction enzymes |
| Rhizobium | Symbiotic bacterium that lives in the nodules on roots of specific legumes and that fixes nitrogen gas from the air into a form of nitrogen the plant requires |
| Saprobes | Organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter |
| Sclerenchyma cells | Plant cells that have very thick primary and secondary cell walls fortified with lignin. Their function is purely support. |
| Secondary growth | Lateral growth of a plant |
| Secretin | Digestive hormone that stimulate the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize acid in the duodenum |
| Secretion | Process that occurs in in the tubule of the nephron, which is the active, selective uptake of molecules that did not get filtered into Bowman's capsule |
| Sepals | Outermost circle of leaves around a flower that are green and closely resemble ordinary leaves |
| Serum | Plasma without the clotting factors |
| Sessile | Nonmoving |
| Sieve tube elements | Make up phloem, along with companion cells |
| Sign stimuli | Initiate a fixed action pattern |
| Sinoatrial (SA) node | Pacemaker of the heart |
| Sinuses | Cavities in the body for the exchange of fluid |
| Spliceosomes | Special molecules that assist in the editing of of mRNA during RNA processing |
| Somatic system | Part of the nervous system that control voluntary movements |
| Spermatogenesis | Formation of sperm by meiotic cell division |
| Sporophyte | The diploid generation of a plant |
| Sporopollenin | Tough polymer that is resistant to almost all kinds of environmental damage and that protects plant in a harsh terrestrial environment. Found in walls of spores and pollen from which it gets its name |
| Stamen | Male part of a flower, consists of anther and filament |
| Stele | Vascular cylinder in a plant root |
| Style | Long, usually thin stalk of the pistil of a flower |
| Substrate level phosphorylation | Process by which ATP is produced as a special enzyme maove a phosphate from one molecule to ADP. How energy is produced during glycolysis and Krebs cycle |
| Symplast | System of transport within a plant consisting of openings in cell walls call plasmodesmata |
| Synapsis | The process in which homologous chromosomes pair up. This occurs during Prophase I. |
| Systole | Contraction of the ventricles of the heart. Normal systole pressure is 120 mm Hg. |
| Taproot | Single, large root like a carrot |
| Telomeres | Special nonsense nucleotide sequences (TTAGGG) located at the ends of chromosomes that repeat thousands of times. These ends protect the DNA during cell division. |
| Theory of endosymbiosis | Theory that many cell organelles, like mitochondria and choroplasts, were once small free-living prokaryotes that lived inside the cells of larger prokaryotes |
| Thrombocytes | Platelets |
| Tracheids | Cells that, along with vessel elements, make up xylem |
| Transformation | When bacteria "transform" themselves by transferring genetic material from one bacteria cell to another |
| Translocation | A fragment of a chromosome becomes attached to a nonhomologous chromosome |
| Trichomes | Tiny, spikelike projections on some leaves for protectiion |
| Triploblastic | An animal consisting of there cell layers. This includes every animal more sophisticate than flatworms. |
| Tropic hormones | Hormones that stimulate other gland to release their hormones |
| Tropism | Growth of a plant toward or away from a stimulus |
| Turgor pressure | Pressure exerted when a plant cell swells |
| Ultracentrifuge | A machine that spins mashed tissue so quickly that it separates the homogenate into separate pellets of different organelles |
| Vas deferens | Duct that carries sperm during ejaculation from the testes to the penis |
| Vegetative propagation | Asexual reproduction in a plant where part of the stem, roots, or leaves of a plant grow into an entirely new plant that is genetically identical to the parent plant |
| Vessel elements | Structures that, along with tracheids, make up xylem |
| Villus (villi, pl) | Millions of fingerlike projections that line the small intestine and absorb all nutrients that were previously released from digested food. |
| Visible spectrum | Wavelengths of light that humans can see: 380 nm to 750 nm |
| Wave of depolarization | The condition of an atom when an impulse is passing, also referred to as an action potential |
| Yolk sac | Membrane that encloses the yolk of an egg; food for the growing embryo |
| Xylem | Vessels in plants that carry water and nutrients from the soil to the rest of the plant, as opposed to phloem, which carries dissolved food materials |
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