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Biology HSA Q3
Heredity
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chromosomes | store genetic information in the nucleus; made of DNA and proteins |
| centromere | structure that holds two sister chromatids together |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic material |
| sex chromosomes | chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism and may carry some genes for other characteristics |
| autosomes | chromosomes that do not determine gender |
| gene | the section of a chromosome that codes for a single trait |
| alleles | different forms of a gene for a single trait |
| dominant | when two different alleles for a trait are inherited, this one is the one that shows up |
| recessive | when two different alleles for a trait are inherited, this alleles is not expressed |
| homozygous | organism that has two dominant or two recessive alleles for a trait |
| heterozygous | organism that has one dominant and one recessive allele for a trait |
| genotype | the alleles or genes that an organism inherits from its parent |
| phenotype | the form or physical expression of the genes |
| Punnett square | a chart that shows the possible genotypes of offspring |
| probability | the mathematical chance that an event will occur; Punnett squares are based on this chance |
| sex-linked traits | genes for this kind of trait are carried on sex chromosomes |
| pedigree | a family record that shows which members inherit a specific trait over several generations |
| nucleotide | subunit that makes up DNA and RNA; made of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen base |
| replication | the process of copying DNA during cell division |
| transcription | process in which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA; happens in the nucleus |
| messenger RNA | type of RNA that carries the instructions from DNA in a gene to the ribosome |
| codons | sequences of three nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid |
| translation | the information from mRNA is decoded and used to arrange amino acids; at the ribosomes |
| transfer RNA | RNA that carries the amino acids to the ribosomes |
| ribosomal RNA | RNA that is a part of the structure of the ribosome |
| protein synthesis | the entire process of constructing proteins |
| mutation | a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
| somatic mutations | a type of mutation that occurs in an organism's body cells |
| germinal mutations | a type of mutation that occurs in gametes; can be passed to offspring |
| genetic engineering | the process of controlling genes for practical purposes |
| recombinant DNA | DNA made from two or more different organisms |
| gene splicing | the process of inserting genes from one organisms into the genes of another organism |
| cloning | the process through which an exact copy of a cell or organism is produced |
Created by:
plaun
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