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Science Exam

QuestionAnswer
3 steps of the cell cycle interphase,mitosis, new cells
3 stages of interphase G1- a cell grows and carries out its normal function; centrioles double S- the cell continues to grow and copies its DNA G2: the cell continues to grow and it begins to store energy for mitosis
Sister Chromotids doubled chromosomes
Stage 1 of Mitosis Prophase: nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles pull apart, spindle fibers form between the centriols
Stage 2 of Mitosis Metaphase: centrioles are at each end of the cell, spindle fibers have stretched across the cell, pair of chromosomes are lined in the middle
Stage 3 of Mitosis Anaphase: chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
Stage 4 of Mitosis Telophase: cell membrane pinches in, nuclear membrane reforms
Cytokinesis the cytoplasm splits in two
Levels of Organization Cell, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism
Gametes sex cells, has half the number of chromosomes as a normal cell
Meiosis the production of sex cells, produces four new gametes
Diploid Cells cells that have pairs of chromosomes
Haploid Cells cells that have only on chromosome from each pair
Asexual Reproduction one parent organism produces offspring without meiosis or fertilization
Fission DNA copies itself, bacterial cell splits in 2
Budding A new organism grows by mitosis and cell division on the body of its parent
Regeneration when an offspring grows from a piece of its parent (sea cucumber) (starfish)
Step 1 of Cloning remove cell from sheep X and remove unfertilized cell from sheep Z. Remove DNA from unfertilized egg cell
Step 2 of Cloning Fuse cells
Step 3 of Cloning Cell develops into embryo in the lab
Step 4 of Cloning Embryo is implanted in sheep Z and the clone is born
Heredity the passing down of traits from parents to offspring
Dominant trait a genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor
Recessive trait a genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor
Genetics the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring
Mendel's Conclusion two genetic factors control each inherited trait
homozygous when two alleles of a gene are the same
heterozygous if the two alleles of a gene are different
DNA organism's genetic material or blueprints
What does DNA look like? Double Helix, spiral staircase
Transcription the process of making mRNA from DNA
Translation the process of making a protein from RNA
3 types of mutations Insertion, Deletion, Substitution
Deletion one or more nitrogen bases are left out of the DNA sequence
Insertion one or more nitrogen bases are added to the sequence
Substitution one nitrogen base is replaced by a different nitrogen base
Polygenic Inheritance occurs when multiple genes determine the phenotype of a trait
Incomplete Dominance when the offspring's phenotype is a combination of the parents' phenotype
Codominance when both alleles can be observed in a phenotype
Evolution the change over time in populations of related organisms
4 things necessary for natural selection Population of organisms that produces a large amount of offspring, genetic variation, struggle to survive, successful reproduction
Virus a microscopic particle that invades living cells
Lytic Cycle the cycle a virus goes through when invading a cell
common structures of bacteria round, rod, spiral
2 ways bacteria can reproduce binary fission, conjugation
endospores protective cover, can survive for a long time
Nitrogen-fixation the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by living organisms
Decomposition when bacteria break down dead or dying organisms for nutrients
Bioremedition some bacteria eat pollutants
Antibiotics some bacteria make chemicals that are good at killing other bacteria
Yersinia Pestis Bubonic Plague
Created by: Camilla18
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