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Mead Hall Bio: Jack
final exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| filaments | cells are stacked almost like aluminum cans |
| alternation of generations | switching back and forth between haploid and diploid stages |
| gametophytes | gamete-producing plants, haploid |
| spores | haploid reproductive cells |
| sporophyte | spore-producing organisms, diploid |
| cellular slime molds | phylum Acrasiomycota--amoeboid cells that produce spores in harsh conditions |
| acellular slime molds | slime molds taht pass through a phase where their cells fuse to produce large cells with many nuclei |
| fruiting body | slender reproductive structure that produces spores |
| plasmodia | large cells with many nuclei produced by acellular slime molds |
| hyphae | thin filaments produced by water molds, do not have walls between their cells |
| zoosporangia | spore cases that develop from portions of the hyphae (asexual) |
| antheridium | specialized structure formed by hyphae that produces male nuclei |
| oogonium | specialized structure formed by hyphae that produces female nuclei |
| bryophytes | nonvascular plants (mosses and relatives) |
| rhizoids | long, thin cells that anchor mosses to the ground and absorb water and minerals |
| gemmae | small multicellular reproductive structures of liverworts |
| protonema | tangled green filaments of a germinated moss spore |
| archegonia | where the egg cells of mosses are produced |
| vascular tissue | specialized transport system to conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant |
| tracheids | part of the xylem: hollow cells that resist pressure and aid in conducting water |
| xylem | conducts water |
| phloem | transports nutrients |
| lignin | substance that makes cell walls rigid, allows vascular plants to grow upright and reach great heights |
| roots | underground organs that absorb water and minerals |
| leaves | photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles of vascular tissue |
| veins | gathered vascular tissue made of xylem and phloem |
| stems | supporting structures tah connect roots and leaves, carrying water and nutrients between them |
| Club Mosses | phylum Lycophyta: small plants that live in the moist woodlands |
| Horsetails | phylum Athrophyta, genus Equistem |
| ferns | phylum Pterophyta: spore-bearing vascular plants |
| rhizomes | creeping or underground stems of ferns |
| fronds | leaves of ferns |
| sporangia | tiny cases containing haploid spores on the underside of fronds |
| sori | clusters of sporangia |
| gymnosperms | seed plants that bear their seeds directly on the surface of cones |
| angiosperms | flowering plants: bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seeds |
| cones | sporophytes--seed bearing structures of gymnosperms |
| flowers | seed-bearing structures of angiosperms |
| pollen grain | tiny structure containing the entire male gametophyte |
| pollination | transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures to the female repro structures |
| seed | embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply |
| embryo | organism in its early stage of development |
| seed coat | surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out |
| fruit | a wall of tissue surrounding a seed |
| monocots | single cotyledon, parallel veins, flowers in multiples of 3, vascular bundles scattered throughout stem, fibrous roots |
| dicots | two cotyledons, branched veins, flowers in multiples of 4 or 5, vascular bundles in a ring, taproots |
| cotyledon | first leaf or the first pair of leaves produced by the embryo seed plant |
| annuals | flowering plants that complete a life cycle withing one growing season |
| biennials | angiosperms that complete a life cycle in two growing seasons |
| perennials | angiosperms that live many years |
| radial symmetry | body parts extend from the center of the body |
| bilateral symmetry | mirror images left and right side |
| cephalization | concentration of sense organs and nerve cells in the front of the body |
| coelom | body cavity that forms between the germ layers |
| intracellular digestion | food digested IN the cells |
| extracellular digestion | food is broken down outside the cells in a digestive cavity or tract then absorbed into the body |
| open circulatory system | blood is only partially contained within a system of blood vessels |
| closed circularoty system | heart or heart-like organ forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body |
| hydrostatic skeletons | the fluid filled body cavity that support the muscles |
| exoskeleton | hard body covering made of chitin (arthropods) |
| endoskeleton | structural support located inside the body |
| external fertilization | eggs are fertilized outside the female body |
| internal fertilization | eggs fertilized inside the female body |
| notochord | flexible supporting structure found only in chordates |
| adaptive radiation | rapid diversification of species as they adapt to new conditions |
| ectotherm | body temperature determined by temperature of the environment |
| endotherm | animal whose body temperature is controlled from within |
| alveoli | bubble-like structures in the lungs that provide surface area for gas exchange |
| taxonomy | scientist classify organism and assign each organism a universally accepted name |
| binomial nomenclature | two-word naming system |
| genus | group closely related to species |
| taxon | level in taxonomic nomenclature |
| family | genera that share many characteristics |
| order | broad taxonomic categories composed of similar families |
| class | composed of similar orders |
| phylum | composed of different classes |
| kingdom | the largest category composed of different phyla |
| phylogeny | evolutionary relationships among organisms |
| evolutionary classification | strategy of grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history |
| derived characteristics | characteristics that appear in recent part of a lineage but not in older members |
| cladogram | constructed diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms |
| molecular clock | model uses DNA comparisons to estimate length of time taht two species have been evolving independently |
| domain | the REAL largest category--most inclusive |
| domain bacteria | unicellular and prokaryotic: only contains kingdon Eubacteria |
| domain archaea | unicellular, prokaryotic: only has archaeic bacteria |
| domain eukarya | consists of all organisms with a nucleus |
| protista | eukaryotic animals: "the other category" |
| fungi | heterotrophs that feed on dead or decaying organic matter |
| plantae | multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs: nonmotile with cell walls of cellulose |
| animalia | multicellular, heterotrophic: no cell walls (motile) |
| prokaryotes | small, most common microorganism. unicellular, no nucleus |
| bacilli | rod-shaped prokaryotes |
| cocci | spherical prokaryotes |
| spirilli | spiral shaped prokaryotes |
| chemoheterotrophs | take in organic molecules for energy and supply of carbon |
| photoheterotrophs | use sunlight for energy but also need to take in organic compounds as a carbon source |
| pseudopods | temporary cytoplasmic projections for movement |
| amoeboid movement | cytoplams of cells streams into psuedopod, and rest of cell follows |
| food vacuole | small cavity in the cytoplasm that temporarily stores food |
| cilia | short, hair-like projections similar to flagella |
| trychocysts | very small bottle shaped structures used for defense |
| macronucleus | working library of genetic information site for keeping multiple copies of most of the genes the cell needs in its day to day existance |
| micronucleus | reserve copy of all of the cell's genes |
| gullet | an indentation in one side of the organism |
| anal pore | waste materials are emptied into environment when food vacuole fuses with this |
| contractile vacuoles | cavities in the cytoplasm specialized to collect water |
| conjugation | allows bacteria to exchange genetic information with other individuals |
| accessory pigments | absorb light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll |
| eyespot | helps the organism find sunlight to power photosynthesis |
| pellicle | intricate cell membrane for euglenas |
| phytoplankton | constitute the population of small photosynthetic organisms found near surface of ocean |
| phycobilins | good at absorbing blue lights, enabling algae to live deeper in the oceans than other photosynthetic algae |
Created by:
tbostwick
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