What are sensory receptors:

They are receptors (Cells, organs, molecules, proteins etc) which detect the change in the environment (Stimuli) and generate signals to the CNS for processing.

Give an example of Sensory Receptors:

Thermoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Rods and Cones, Barorecetors.

What is the name given to the signals, which can be of varying strength, made by sensory receptors:

Generator Potentials, these are small to large potentials made by the sensory receptors.

Give an example of convergence and sensory receptors:

Many Rod cells are linked to one sensory neuron, many smaller generator potentials are summated and converge on one sensory neuron, leading to the production of an action potential in the neuron.

Describe the basic structure of a Rod Cell:

The 'rod' section is several layers of Disks containing Rodopsin (a photosensitive pigment), connected to a midsection which contains mitrochondria (used to produce ATP for Na+ pumps), and an inner section which contains the neurotransmitters.

In the Dark, describe what is happening in the Rods Cells.

The Na+ channels are open allowing the flow of Na+ ions into the rod cell, which is depolarised, sending an action potential to the end of the rod, which releases INHIBITORY neurotransmitters to the bipolar neuron. This prevents transmission of an AP.

What changes occur in Rodopsin when light lands on it?

The Retinal changes from Cis to Trans, is released from the Opsin and Opsin is now able to catalyse a reaction leading to the closing of the Na+ channels.

A combination of Retinal, currently in its Cis-State, and Opsin.

What happens after Opsin causes the closing of the Na Channels:

Na+ ions can no longer flow into the outer segment of the Rod Cells, however the Na+ pumps in the midsection still continue to remove Na+ ions, hyperpolarising (making the outside more positive) the membrane, this stops the release of inhibitory neurotran

What are the two types of muscles in the Iris called?

The Circular muscles and the Radial Muscles.

Which muscles in the iris contract to cause the Dilation of the Pupil?

The Radial muscles contract, in a response to a large stimulus, the retina will send a strong single (frequent action potentials) to the brain via the optic nerve (sensory neurons) and it is processed by relay neurons in the brain and a 'Dilate' message.

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Sensory Receptors

The Eye as an Example

Question	Answer
What are sensory receptors:	They are receptors (Cells, organs, molecules, proteins etc) which detect the change in the environment (Stimuli) and generate signals to the CNS for processing.
Give an example of Sensory Receptors:	Thermoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Rods and Cones, Barorecetors.
What is the name given to the signals, which can be of varying strength, made by sensory receptors:	Generator Potentials, these are small to large potentials made by the sensory receptors.
Give an example of convergence and sensory receptors:	Many Rod cells are linked to one sensory neuron, many smaller generator potentials are summated and converge on one sensory neuron, leading to the production of an action potential in the neuron.
What are the two types of receptor cells in the Retina?	Rods and Cones
Describe the basic structure of a Rod Cell:	The 'rod' section is several layers of Disks containing Rodopsin (a photosensitive pigment), connected to a midsection which contains mitrochondria (used to produce ATP for Na+ pumps), and an inner section which contains the neurotransmitters.
In the Dark, describe what is happening in the Rods Cells.	The Na+ channels are open allowing the flow of Na+ ions into the rod cell, which is depolarised, sending an action potential to the end of the rod, which releases INHIBITORY neurotransmitters to the bipolar neuron. This prevents transmission of an AP.
What changes occur in Rodopsin when light lands on it?	The Retinal changes from Cis to Trans, is released from the Opsin and Opsin is now able to catalyse a reaction leading to the closing of the Na+ channels.
What is Rodopsin:	A combination of Retinal, currently in its Cis-State, and Opsin.
What happens after Opsin causes the closing of the Na Channels:	Na+ ions can no longer flow into the outer segment of the Rod Cells, however the Na+ pumps in the midsection still continue to remove Na+ ions, hyperpolarising (making the outside more positive) the membrane, this stops the release of inhibitory neurotran
What is the automatic changing of the size of the pupil in response to light stimuli called:	The pupillary response.
What are the two types of muscles in the Iris called?	The Circular muscles and the Radial Muscles.
Which muscles in the iris contract to cause the Dilation of the Pupil?	The Radial muscles contract, in a response to a large stimulus, the retina will send a strong single (frequent action potentials) to the brain via the optic nerve (sensory neurons) and it is processed by relay neurons in the brain and a 'Dilate' message.
Which muscles contract to cause the constriction of the pupil?	The circular muscles contract.

Created by: mjwilson1988

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