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BI 314 Chapter 18
Key Terms from Essential Cell Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anaphase | Stage of mitosis in which the two sets of chromosomes separate and move away from each other |
| Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC) | A protein complex that promotes the destruction of specific proteins by catalyzing their ubiquitylation; it is a crucial component of the cell-cycle control system |
| Apoptosis | Normal, benign type of programmed cell death in which a cell shrinks, fragments its DNA, and alters its surface so as to activate the cell's phagocytosis by macrophages |
| Aster | Star-shaped system of microtubules emanating from a centrosome or from a pole of a mitotic spindle |
| Bcl2 Family | Family of intracellular proteins that either promote or inhibit apoptosis by regulating the activation of caspases |
| Bi-orientation | The symmetrical alignment of sister chromatid pairs on the mitotic spindle, such that one chromatid is attached to one spindle pole and the other chromatid to the opposite pole |
| Caspase | A family of proteases; members of the family are activated as part of the pathway leading to apoptosis |
| Cdk (Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinase) | Protein kinase that has to be complexed with a cyclin protein in order to act |
| Cdk Inhibitor Protein | Protein that inhibits cyclin-Cdk complexes, primarily to inhibit progress through the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle |
| Cell Cycle | Reproductive cycle of the cell; the orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two |
| Cell-Cycle Control System | Network of regulatory proteins that governs progression of a eukaryotic cell through the cell cycle |
| Centrosome | Centrally located organelle of animal cells that is the primary microtubule-organizing center and separates to form the two spindle poles during mitosis |
| Centrosome Cycle | Duplication of the centrosome (during interphase) and separation of the two new centrosomes (at the beginning of mitosis), to form the poles of the mitotic spindle |
| Checkpoint | Point in the eukaryotic cell-division cycle where progress through the cycle can be halted until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage |
| Chromosome Condensation | Process by which a chromosome becomes packed into a more compact structure prior to M phase of the cell cycle |
| Cohesin | Protein complex that forms a ring that holds sister chromatids together after DNA has been replicated in the cell cycle |
| Condensin | Protein complexes with a ring-like structure that help carry out chromosome condensation |
| Cyclin | Protein that periodically rises and falls in concentration in step with the eukaryotic cell cycle; they activate specific protein kinases and thereby help control progression from one stage of the cell cycle to the next |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm of a plant or animal cell into two, as distinct from the division of its nucleus (which is mitosis) |
| G1-Cdk | Cyclin-dependent kinase whose activity drives the cell through G1 phase |
| G1 Phase | Gap 1 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle, between the end of cytokinesis and the start of DNA synthesis |
| G2 Phase | Gap 2 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle, between the end of DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitosis |
| G1/S-Cdk | Cyclin-dependent kinase whose activity triggers entry into S phase of the cell cycle |
| Growth Factor | Extracellular polypeptide signaling molecule that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate |
| Interphase | Long period of the cell cycle between one mitosis and the next; includes G1, S, and G2 phases |
| Kinetochore | Complex protein-containing structure on a mitotic chromosome to which microtubules attach |
| M-Cdk | Active protein complex formed at the start of M phase of the cell cycle by an M-cyclin and the mitotic cyclin-dependent protein kinase |
| M Cyclin | Cyclin protein that binds to mitotic Cdk to form M-Cdk at the start of M phase of the cell cycle |
| M Phase | Period of the eukaryotic cell cycle during which the nucleus and cytoplasm divide |
| Metaphase | Stage of mitosis at which chromosomes are firmly attached to the mitotic spindle at its equator but have not yet segregated toward opposite poles |
| Mitogen | An extracellular signal molecule that stimulates cell proliferation |
| Mitosis | Division of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, which involves condensation of the DNA into visible chromosomes |
| Mitotic Spindle | Array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between the opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis |
| Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) | Large protein complex that is bound to the DNA at origins of replication in eukaryotic chromosomes throughout the cell cycle |
| P53 | Regulatory protein that responds to the presence of DNA damage, preventing the cell from entering S phase until the damage has been repaired |
| Phragmoplast | Structure made of microtubules and membrane vesicles that forms in the equatorial region of a dividing plant cell and from which the membrane that divides the daughter cells will be made |
| Programmed Cell Death | Apoptosis |
| Prometaphase | Stage of mitosis that precedes metaphase |
| Prophase | First stage of mitosis during which the chromosomes are condensed but not yet attached to a mitotic spindle |
| S Phase | Period during a eukaryotic cell cycle in which DNA is synthesized |
| Sister Chromatid | One copy of a chromosome (a chromatid) formed by DNA replication that is still joined at the centromere to the other copy |
| Spindle Pole | One of two centrosomes in a cell undergoing mitosis |
| Survival Factor | Extracellular signaling molecule that must be present to prevent apoptosis |
| Telophase | Final stage of mitosis in which the two sets of separated chromosomes decondense and become enclosed by nuclear envelopes |
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