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Stack #127209
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| human pathogens, survive from 20 degrees C to 40 degrees C | mesophiles |
| The genetic code for amino acids is found in triplets called | codons |
| Organisims that can only use organic carbon as a source of energy | heterotrophs |
| these bacteria are able to acquire genetic material from their environment | competent |
| Eukaryotes use this method to transport a very large substance into a cell using pseudopodia | endocytosis |
| When a virus transfers genetic between bacterial cells it is known as | transduction |
| Gram negative bacteria contain this toxin in their outer bilayer membrane, making infection in humans dangerous when the cells die and the toxin is released | lipid A |
| A tough, non-reproductive, and vegitative state some prokaryotic cells transition into when their environment becomes unfovorable | endospore |
| Chalenged spontanoues generation theory by heating vials and melting the vials closed, demonstrating the lack ofmicrobial growth | Lazzaro Spallanzani |
| Epidemiologist who recommended the separation of water and sewer | John Snow |
| Began fermentation studies. the process of geating a substance to remove unwanted microbes | Louis Pasteur |
| Introduced the use of antiseptics in a hospital setting | Joseph Lister |
| Discovered the first microorganisms using home made lenses | Antoni Leeuwenhoek |
| Introduced the concept of handwashing in a hopital setting to minimize the spread of pathogens | Ignaz Semmelweis |
| Promoted cleanliness and scrubbing in hospitals and started the first nursing school | Florence Nightengale |
| Developed a staining methid that helped in the classification of bacteria | Hans Christian Gram |
| Isolated and identified the first microorhanism as the cause ofa the diease Anthrax | Robert Koch |
| Developed the forst vaccine | Edward Jenner |
| Isolated flies from meat, the forst experiment to suggest spontaneous generation could not occur | Francesco Redi |
| describe the function of the flagellum in prokaryotic cells | Helps propell the cell through its environment spins 360 degrees, moves in a series of runs and tumbles, clockwise-change direction, counterclockwise-moves forward |
| Describe the function of the cell wall in bacterial cells | Allows cell to attach to one another...protects from antimicrobial drugs... provides structure and shape...protects cell from osmotic forces |
| Describe the structure of the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotic cells | the cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer...phosphate, polor=hydrophilic(likes water)... lipid-nonpolar, hydrophobic(hates water)... Phospholipid bilayer will automaticlly form a bilayer in an aqueous environment |
| give a brief discription of Transcription and translation | transcription makes a copy of DNA as RNA mRNA...translation uses genitic info to synthsize proteins |
| name the phases of microbial growth | Lag...log...stationary...death |
| define Lag phase | becomming aclimated to environment |
| define Log phase | expotential growth |
| define stationary phase | making as many as are dying |
| define death phase | used up all nutrients giving off toxic waste |
| Using the base sequence on this strand of DNA, identify the amino acids that will make up the corresponding polypeptide..... CTC GGA TCG CTA ATG | GAG CCU AGC GAU UAC |
| the use of steam and pressure to completely sterilize a substance | autoclaveing |
| waves of energy used to sterilize a substance | radiation |
| heating of water containing microbes to 100 degrees C | boiling |
| slows the ggroth of pathogens | refridgeration |
| addition of salts removes water and halts metabolism of microbes | osmotic forces |
| removal of water halts meabolism of microbes | desiccation |
| time it takes to destroy 90% of a sample at a specitic temp. | decimal reduction time |
| time it takes to completely sterilize a liquid at a specific temp. | thermal death time |
| usedto sterilize heat sinsitive substances like antibiotics | filtration |
| used to kill most heat lovingt micribes in liquid food items | pasteurization |
| used to disinfect powders of metals | dry heat |
| used because water conducts heat faster than air | moist heat |
| describe the inhibition of cell wall synthesis by beta lactamases like penicillin | beta lactamases like penicillin bind to enzymes that allow for linking of nam subunits. New cell wall being built have holes in it so it becomes porous and weak. Cells eventually burst and lyse. |
| explain the kirby-bauer test including how it is used to determine the efficacy of a drug | Its a Diffusion susceptibility test, using a petri dish with a lawn of bacteria. Disks are placed on the lawn of bacteria. These disks have the drug to be tested. Then the rate of diffusion and the zone of inhibition is measured to determine if the pat |
| ogen is either resistant intermediate or suseptible to the drug | (blank) |
| What does the Minimum Bacteriocidal Concentration Test determine about an antimicrobial drugs dffect on a species of bacteria? | the least amount of a drug that will be effective against a pathogen |
| Name three (3) things we can do to fight the development of resistant strians of bacteria? | Patients should thake all the medication... Doctors should not wver prescribe antibotics...use more than one drug at a time (synergy) |
| Give an example of an antimicrobial drug with a negative side effect? | Tetracycline cand cause black hairy toung (Metronidasole) |
| List a pro and a con for each of the following methods of administering drugs | IM is (pro) faster than ORAL (con) needles, patient fear, hospitals..Oral (pro)No hosp. pt. can administer (con) Error, overdose, slow.. IV (pro) Fastest (cons) needles, patient fear, hospitals |
| A pathogenic, circular piece of RNA that has no capsid | viron |
| The proteinaceous coat surrounding a virus | capsid |
| the type of nucleic acid found in viruses | RNA and DNA |
| Genes found in cells that cause uncontrolled replication | oncogenes |
| This type of pathogen is only Prp protein, and causes spongiform encephalitis | prion |
| The capsid of a virus is made of subunits called | capsomeres |
| Some animal viruses are surrounded by a phospholipid membrand called | envelope |
| These are proteins that extend from an animal virus and recognise host cells | glycoproteins |
| The proces by which abacteriophage inserts its DNA into a bacterial cells DNA allowing the host cell to continue to replicate | lysongeny |
| How does the T4 bacteriophage locate a host cell | random collision |
| During this stage of the lytic cycle new complete virions are formed inside a host cell | assembly |
| During this stage of the lytic cycle an infected host cell bursts and newly formed virions exit the cell | release |
| Viruses like chicken pox, herpys, and HIV are capable of remaining dormant inside cells making them___________ viruses | latent |
| The part of the T4 bacteriophage responsible for host cell recognition | tail fibers |
| when the presence of antibodies causes an increase in phagocytosis | opsonization |
| when antibodies stimulate the production of destructive superoxide radicals | oxidation |
| antibodies bind to multiple pathogens, bringing them together and inactivating them | agglutination |
| antibodies stimulate a series of cascade reactions involving proteins | complement activation |
| antibodies stimulate the frlease of chemical signals that increase heat, vasodilation and blood flow to the site of infection | inflammation |
| antibodies bind to toxins in the bidy and inactivate them | neutralization |
| parts of the antibody | light chain heavy chain FAB region, hinge region, FC region |
| Antigens on the surface of healthy cells of the body | autoantigens |
| Tough, outer covering of lymph nodes | capsule |
| The portion of the lympth node where lymphocytes replicate | germinal center |
| Lymphocytes responsible for the production of antibodies | B cells |
| The release of cytoxins by Tc cells causes an infected cell to undergo cell suicide, also known as | apoptosis |
| A disease that can infect humans, but is primarily housted by animals | zoonosis |
| Which of the following is not an example of an exogenous antigen? | ?????? |
| These proteins are responsible for presinting small antigenic determinants to T cells and B cells | MCH |
| this condition is a result of the body's silf tolerance mechanism becoming impaired | an autoimmune disease |
| What characteristics of the mucous membranes allow them to function in the body's first line of defence against invading pathogens? | digestive lysozome, ciliated columnar cells, sticky mucous |
| Currently, the incidence of AIDS is greater than normal on multiple continents, making it | a pandemic |
| Which of the following ways can HIV be transmitted | contact transmission |
| What are 4 ways vasodilation aids in the non-specific immune response? | increases blood to the site of infection, ^ nutrients ^phagocytes ^ chemicals of defence |
| Name and describe three characteristics of a pathogen that increase its virulence | ????????? |
| A town with a pop. of 100,000 people had 500 new cases fecorded of Lyme's disease. Over the past 6 months, 100 new cases have been reported. What is the current prevalence of Lyme's disease in this town? what is the incidence? | prevalence, 600/100,000 =.6% incidence, 100/100,000 = .1% |
| Illustrate and describe the steps of the humoral immune responce | look at pg. 4 of exam III |
| what are the three main types of vaccines used in active immunization? | live/attenuated.... killed inactivated....toxoid vaccines |
| List the pros and cons associated with each vaccine type | Attenuated/live(pros) vaccine is injected and it replicates. It has a strong responce b/c their is a lot of pathogen. Responce is cell mediated immune resp. Can cause HERD immunity b/c it is live it can spread thru entire herd (cons) can revert to wild t |
| pros and cons of killed/inactivated viruses | Microbes are killed and cannot reproduce....path is recognized as an exogenous antigen triggering the humoral responce. It is safer than a live virus. (Cons) much weaker immune responce less antigen. |
| what are the cons of killed / inactivated viruses? | much weaker immune responce b/c it has less antigen....No HERD immunity...mult. boosters are required...some require adjuvants these are substances added to increase the potency of antigen. |
| What are Toxoid vaccines? | One of the three main types of vaccines used in active immunization. mounts an immune responce to toxins secreted by pathogens. Stimulates the humoral responce and increses the nutralization of toxins. |
| What are the cons of Toxoid vaccines? | require mult. boosters. |
| In passive immunization what are the two primary ways antibodies fight infection? | Nutralization Opsonization increases pathogen marked for ingestion |
| What is a hybridoma? What is its main function | a plasma cell. Its main function is to continuously reproduce and secrete desired antibodies (replacing antibody production in live animals. Cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts |
| How do the folling tests indicate the presence of antibody in a patients blood serum | Precipitation test..Agglutination test...Neutralization test...E.L.I.S.A.....Western Blot |
| Precipitation test | ratios of antibodies to an antigens must be correct to form precipitation line that is visibe to the naked eye |
| Agglutination test | The clumping of insoluble particles using antibodies These results can easily be seen by the naked eye. Ex. Hemagglutination- the clumping of red blood cells, used to determine blood type |
| What is the E.L.I.S.A. test | these are labeled antibodies, but the label is an anzyme -the enzyme reacts w/ added substances and produces color to indicate the presence of antibody |
| What is the western blot test? | A combination of ELISA and electrophoresis to provide a clearer diagnosis of the presence of several antibodies |
| electrophoresis | used to seperate antigen proteins into individual bands on their size |
| Blotting | Protein bands are transferred to nitro cellulose paper, paper is cutinto strips |
| ELISA PART OF WESTERN BLOT TEST | (1) strips are washed with serum that may contain antibodies(2) strips are then washed with an enzyme labled anti-body solution (3) strips then exposed to the enzymes substrate(4) color change indicates presence of antibodies that are complementary to ant |
| What is an anti-antibody? | produced in other animals in responce to the presence of human antibody. they are tagged and used to recognise human antibody in diagnostics |
| List 5 diseases caused by each ofthe following types of viruses | Rhibovirus... Entrovirus...Arbovirus...Retrovirus...Rotavirus |
| Rhibovirus | common cold |
| Entrovirus | Polio |
| Arbovirus | Encephalitis / mild flu |
| Rotavirus | cause infantile gastroenteritis |
| compare and contrast antigenic shift and antigenic drift | DRIFT a minor mutation of the flu viruses that results in an increase of flu incidence every 2-3 years...Shift, a major change in flu characteristics...can come from another species. results from 2 viruses infecting a host at same time.results in a new an |
| Antigenic shift | results in a new and dangerous strain about every 10 years |
| what type of cells of the immune system are most effected by HIV? | T HELPER CELLS HIV virus infects T helper cells, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and dendritic cells |
| How does the loss of T helper due to HIV cells effect the antibody production | Because there is a high number of virions caused by the bursting of infected T cells , the body produces antibodies to kill all the infected T cells, the body continues to fight the infection, the immune system declines. Over a period of 5-10 years |
| continued | the body loses its ability to fight the infection and the number of T cells declines |
| continued | HIV continues to thrive as the body dies from other infection |
| how do you figure the prevelence of a dieases? | Add the number of new cases and old cased divided by the total pop. then move decimal two places to the right. |
| How do you figure incidence | divide the number of new cases by the total pop. |
Created by:
tramatech1
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